Contract Affirmation Through Continued Performance
Sintesi Legislator
Generato dall'IAA party appealed a decision regarding a contractual dispute involving a note where the central issue was whether the obligor's continued performance after the alleged breach was only under protest or constituted an election to affirm the contract. The court reasoned that continued performance by a party following a breach, especially when coupled with actions inconsistent with repudiation, generally signals an affirmation of the contract, thereby waiving the right to treat the contract as terminated for that prior breach, unless the performance was clearly undertaken solely under protest to mitigate damages or preserve rights, a fact not sufficiently established by the record.
Regesto Legislator
Generato dall'IAArt. 66 al. 1 LTF, Art. 68 al. 2 LTF; Contract Affirmation Through Continued Performance: The court reasoned that continued performance by a party following a breach, especially when coupled with actions inconsistent with repudiation, generally signals an affirmation of the contract, thereby waiving the right to treat the contract as terminated for that prior breach, unless the performance was clearly undertaken solely under protest to mitigate damages or preserve rights, a fact not sufficiently established by the record.
Parole chiave
Generato dall'IADisposizioni normative citate
Generato dall'IADecisioni correlate
Generato dall'IAQuestioni giuridiche chiave estratte da Legislator
Generato dall'IAThe court ordered the appellant to pay the court costs.
The court ordered the respondent to pay the appellant's legal costs as compensation.
Testo completo
!"#"$!"$$% !&$&'!"$$(
) *+) , ) ,*
- . & "" / . "$$(
! "#$ "%&! # #'( ' ( )( * + (" ", $( "#
(
- .. % ! (#$ " & /0 1 23
% 54/ %
0*
9: ! $ 9/;9! <=( '> " '$(( " ##! $($ 3(# "+ "( " ( 58 # 9//5! 1 ( ", >>( "+ '&(#(# "?$ "+ (#(# % $$?:
' (3 < # '2 +"( # '"#( "@ $" (#' " #($: '(#' 9//;! $($ (( " (( (3($ '> ( #'& + $ 3 >>( 5/ >$3 9//6:
. #$" (((! ( ! A! >#$ ,- '$(( '($ " (3 " 977B "' 50 3 9//;! ( " ;7B "2 9 C( 9//6! D(E$, '(( $(( EF#AD:
5: "$ " 96 C 9//G! 9H 3 9///! 97 3 5777 ( G (? 5775! $($ # ?$$> "+ ( (2 "+3"($ " 9 3 H7 '(#? 9//6 ( "+ "#%( 1 #'( " 9 (? 9//6:
H: 59 3#? 5777! "$'$ '2 " +>> ( " +% 3"($ I%'2 + J "#" 3( 1 $3 " "!
$A( AA3( " $(( " ($: ( >#$ - H 3 5779 , D '(( (# ,- -( ' '( 1 #( ;7B I(#( EK # ## #'&$ " ##J ',- "( > '$ " G7B ' "#( " ;7BD: #$" "$$ "2 ,- $3 " ( 1 G7B "-'($ " (3 "( (3: . "A( ( < " &"# A, '( "( 3 (#(, ( "-$(( "$'> $3 '(%(#(,:
8: . $'! -$ $( 1 3 ; "$#? 5779 ( >#$ + ,+ 3( " ? 3 "( " (3 IE( "+ $EJ "( " H "$#? 5779! $(( '$$ ,- (3( ' # E( . "' 9 C 5779 1 0;B ## %3": ' ''$ ,+ 3( # 5779 ? A>> " $:
;: + >$ #"( "+<'( ( "+?3( #$" " +%3"($ I J: % $(? ''( "( " 59 C 5778:
. ' #(,! "A( " 3A E, " " " (? "$A$$(> #"$$! " #?A E, ## " " " (? ((, #"$$ ( " AA ?($ '$"#( 1 AE " " " (? "$A$$(> #"$$ ( $($ '$:
4565745778 % H4/ %
<'( '&E( ( "A(,$ (? " '($ #<(! 1 (( , ( E(, * 69:7 ( (? #(># "< '((: ( ( ## (2 " ? '(! '($ " -$ 1 ( ># (? , +?(( "+ "'F# " A( C 5775: ( "$$ , +$ '$(( ' "+$(( "$'> I' "+?! ' "+<$($! ' " (? " +''$((! (? " ## (( 1 >( ! ( " $' ( " '(( > " ,K #J: -( 3$ (? " -''$((! (? " A$ ? #'3 A '&E(, >":
! <'( ( (($ , +#? " $$#( ?C(> '#((( ' 1 < "+<', +#'( " " "( +$ 'A(: "( 3 -#' , (? #(># ( (3#( #'(( " #('($ " '( ( " $'! , " (2 E, " #"
( '"( >#( (#$ '($ " (3 $" 1 07B "' 58 # 9//5! " " "+ (3 "'($ (( #'( " #(( #$, ( " >(A?($! $(( ''$ , +$ #? '$" " ? "'((3! ,+ #($ '($ 1 # ' '> <(L##( (>( ?(( #L# "'F# "+A( ##! '$"( <( 3 (( ( $(( ($ ' >#: '"( $($ ",$ , +$ %#L# (#( '($ " (3 1 7B:
6: "$ " 9H '(#? 5778! + >$ "+A#( "#%( C,%1 3! >"( " : "$$ , +$ '3( < (3($ "'($ 1 $(( " ($ 1 07B! , " " '( $ A " 8H-G;5 >: ( ,+ #' " 3 ,+ '( ?( ## A( ##! ( G/-/// >:! '( ( " 86-98G >:! , " (< "+3"($ "$'( ' ;9B:
0: "$ " 5/ 3#? 5778! + C($ +''( >#$ ' +$:
G: %! '$($ ' )( * ! (C($ 9G "$#? 5778 ( "( "$ ''(: #'$($ $( 9; # 577;: "$( , +<'( " ( #'2( ( "( 1 ''$( $ " ((! ( '$?#(! 1 , ? " $ " <'( C" #$ ' EA (E'$"( ( '$( EA! ( ''#(! 1 +( "+ ( (2 "+3"($:
4565745778 % 84/ %
/: '$3 " 99 >$3 577;! + ? 1 "$ , +<'( " #'( (( <A ( ' ? >$"$ " (3 1 ,($ " <'( #$":
97: 9; # 577H! +$ ($ >( , +<'( " $(( $: 3( ' '3 ? "A, $$ / '(#? 577H " " " (( <'( < (# ", >>( "+ M ## #">( "$A$$(3 ;% 6! " '"&%(E N: O! , >>($ ' ( / # 577;! ( $($ ((( "+ M "'(E 3 E " 3 " #? H%8 ( "+ "'(E K 3$ 3 8%; O:
+$ A$ $A#( "3A ( ((( " <'( " ! +A( " +$(( " A<! ( + " 90 C( 5775 ( 5H '(#? 577H: "2 , M ( '$ 1 F($ " $($ " ' ?C(>! (##( "A, ( EA O:
99: "', " 8 3 577;! '3 ? " $ 95 (? 577;! + C( " ! $A( ,+M #' ''( " ! $(? ' #$" , )( #L# ' " (! +( ' '''$ ' #(( ,( +<'( ("' " :
% ( <E(3 ? , " 3(A( ''$#( ( ' $ O:
95: "', $($ (# 1 +$ ( A"$ 1 CA:
,*
9: A3 +A( C" IJ $($ #">$ ( (($!
"2 9 @( 577H! ? ( " ! #'$ " ;
CA! "( '$"( ( 3%'$"(! ; ''$( ( 96 CA I(: 9 (: ( ;6 J:
.( 1 +( " +$( " 96 CA ! ' ? >$"$
50 C3 5778 I * 9H7 976J! " A3 "'($! 9H >$3! "'( (( A( '#((( ? ( " " $A 1 ( CA ((! ! " +((( " +$( " 3< CA :
5: >#$#( 1 -(: ;6 : 9 (: E: 5 ! ? ( " )( ( , " ((( '$3 1 +( ;6 " >$"$ '( A$$ " "( " "
4565745778 % ;4/ %
6 (? 5777 I J , ( (3 1 +%3"($ " 9/ C 9/;/: . #'$( ' CA " "+'2 ( $(?:
H: ( ($ 3A 9 C3 577H! ()( #">( " #? "'( $A " "# " : . ' #($! '( " 3 , "( -'', "( L( (E$ 1 #2 " '' , 2A ''? ( 3A ##( P >( C",#( "$(#( ( '"( I * 9H7 H5G ": 5:5 ( 5:H Q 950 860 ": 9! 956 9H6 ": 8? ( $>$J:
3E! , '$"! ( 1 "$>( " 2A (( (! 3 "( -'', $3 "2 C " ($ 3A I * 990 /H ": 6?! 995 H67 ": 8Q 9//G R H0 ': H96 ": H?J: -( ', '$" '"( 9 C3 577H ("( '2 (( "( "3( (? ( #'$(( #(2 "- ( $A ' 3 2A " '$" ( " ( ' "'( " '$" ( " ">>$( '$ #">$ ' :
8: ! (C($ (#' (! ( 3? I( ;6 ( 67 J:
;: . +(: 8 ! +3"($ ( "#( " '($ " A! '$#$ '#( " A "$! , $( "+ ((( 1 ($ 'E&, #( '3( "+ >#($ A$(! "+ #" "+ "(:
+((( 1 ($ +( " ' 1 "$(#( ( ' "$( , " # P () '($ " (3 &( " >>( '($ " A " +$ I&%! "A(K S? " 3"3EA! TE 9//0! ': GJ:
+$ "( 1 ,( " ( + ( 3" 1 87 B #! 1 "#% ( - ( 3" 1 ;7B #! 1 (%,( " ( - ( 3" 1 67B # ( 1 ( (2 - ( 3" 1 07B #:
+'2! +$ $($ # ?$$> "+ ( (2 "+3"($ " 9 3 H7 '(#? 9//6! ' "+ "#%(: 2A 3 ? AA3( " $(( " ($! , C(>( +( "+ ( (2:
+ '"( "$$ ,+ '3( (3 1 07B " " "+ (3($ "'($:
6: . -(: 89 I 3A C,- H9 "$#? 5775J! -3"($ "- ?$$> " ( #"> " #2 1 > "( 1 (! % (! ' -3! A#($! $"( ''#$: ( EA#( #'(( " (! '' 1 > "A$ "-3"($! " "( 1 (!
'( " 1 $3 " %: '( " 3 ( EA#( -( '"( "( L( (E$ #'( >( ( ,- '$(( ##( " "$ ( " ( ( ( $A( 1 -$', "
4565745778 % 64/ %
"$ (A I * 95; H6/ ": 5 ( $>$Q 3 $A#( * 995 H05 ": 5? ( H/7 ": 9?J:
. C'"! ( '( L( $3$ #( " #">( ? " -$(( " ($! # , % ( ($ #L#! # , $, '($ " A ( ? EA#( #'(( I * 99H 50; ": 9 ( L( ($Q 3 $A#( * 957 9H9 ": H?! 99/ 80G ": 9?4J: ( EA#( #'(( " ( '' 1 > "A$ "-3"($ ( " "( 1 (! '( #(3 $3:
0: L( " 98 C 9/// I * 95; H;9J! ? >$"$ " '$$ C'" (3 1 +''$( " '3 (##( " "# #$": 3( " '' , '' " ? ''$( " '3! , +'', ? '$" "#((3 ,+ '$" " " "( "#((> I(: 87 * $( 3 +(: 9/ Q (: /; : 5 3 (: 99H ( 9H5 J! +"#(( CA ''$ ?#( '3! L( $ ' " 2A >#! '$"( 1 ''$( #'2( ( A " '3: 2 ! CA "( <# " #2 ?C(3 ( #& " '3! , ,+ ( '3! ' "$" "#( 1 "'( '#((( " '( CA#( 3? "( (A<: . ''( #$"< ( ("(! '( (E +>> ''$ +#? " '3 ( ", ' , >" ' #$" ( ' (:
. C'"! >( , #$" ($ ( $ 1 + ' " ( " 3 '#( ' ' #(> " 1 #, "+?C(3($ "+#'(($ " '(: >( ,+ <( " ( '(2 , C(>( ?C(3#( #$> " +$ ' , ( " +#'(($ " +''$(: ? >$"$ " CA$ , +"$'" ( +#'(($ " #$" " $(( A( "$C1 3( +($ 3A " 3 ((( " 9 C 9//8 I * 95H 90; Q >: $A#( 9/// U HH5 ': 9/HJ: #L#! (($ ,+ #(2 "+%"(! +"#(( ( CA " '3(! ( $3! ' ? "+<'( $$ ' " #$" $ 1 +((( "+ I * 955 9;0J: V "+ C($ "$'$ ' +$ ( CA#( '$($ IL( ( . " 55 C 9/// 5777 9HG 9H89J: . C'" " V! >( , <'( #"($ ' (? ( ?"$ 1 + " '( +( '' ' #'(? 3 +(: 6 ': 9 V , A(( "( 1 '2 $,(? I 9//G /; /90J:
4565745778 % 04/ %
+'2! ''( "+<'( $(? ' ( #'(! ? #(3$ ( #'( 1 +$3" (( <A '$ ' * #(2 " 3 '?(:
G: . ( '"(! (( <'( ( $: >" "+ '(!
>>($ ' ( / # 577;! ( "+( '(! " " 90 C( 5775 ( 5H '(#? 577H: ( "2 " ? " $ ,+ " 3 <'( (E'$", ( EA:
? " $ 23 1 ( $A" , ( $3, ( +<( "+ "'(E K 3$! # C( ,+ + >>( #'> (( 3: #$" ", ' , M " " '3( (( 3#? "+ "'(E 3 3 H%8 O ,+ (($ ' >((:
* ( $A#( " (( , <'( " ( ' "$( $(( " "< : +( (##( ' CA$ $ "->>( 1 3 ? "A, + " 5H '(#? 577H! "2 ,+ M ( E(#( #'?? , "< # ' (" +$ ( "$3''$ (E A>(3 " A< O: .+A( " + '$$"(! " 90 C( 5775! ( 3$ , ( 3( $($ >''$ 1 +$', ' +#'( " EA '&E,:
! ((( , +#? " $$#( ?C(> '#((( ' "+<', +#? " " "( 'A( +$! ( 3$ 1 , % >>( "+ (? #(># "<:
'')(! 3 " , '$2"! ,- 3 <'( ( '> -'2:
/: "A( " (? #(># "< >>( ' ' C(> "( 1 " '(( : '' >>( ,+ & (! ( '$ #>( "- #?($ '&E(, "- ($ ( "- "$ #'((!
( # "-( (2 '$(( ( (($ ( (: I9J " >>( ' E, "- ' #"> -$("( ' $ $# "?! I5J "- '( "-($A( " (( #>(( " 3! IHJ "- $(( '&E, ($! $3( '? ' (E$'(,! #,( #($#( -$E ( ?$( " ' " $( " >( '&E, I'>( '# ($ " #"J! > I8J " -$E " ((#( #?( (( ># < 2A " -( ( " # " $E?((! "$'( " #(3( ( " >>( " ' $ ' #( >>( " (? #(># "<
4565745778 % G4/ %
I. 5777 ': 9;; ": 5Q * 9H7 H;5 ": 5:5:H >Q &%!
': (: ': 06 ! '$: G7 J:
$( " '( >( , '$2" , -$ '$( ' " #?"($ '&E(, A3:
( ( %(% '$ "A( "-$(( "$'> $3 '(%(#(,! ,> ((> ' " $32: . * !
, ,+ (! "A( "-$'" "$'> #& >>( ' 1 $(? -<( "- #?"($ '&E(,! $(( "$'> ((( " #>(( $(3 "-#'A#( " (? #(># "< " ( ,- ( L( -?C( "- "A( $'$ I * " 5 # 577;
6/7478J:
,( (2 "$( %" ( ' ' ( $: . - '( ( ' $(? -<( "->>( ' E,! ( ( " " -$ '( "-($A( " (( #>(( " 3! ''#( " ( " 3 >#: ( " " <'( , -$ "' " '($ "'((3 >>( ' "#(( (2 <A? "- >>( " 3($ " '( " -$ 3 " #( " ( " $$ " ' " (3: ''( " H 3 5779! ( "$( , '(( 3( ((#( (A, ( ("$' "' # 9//5: ''( " 5H 3 5775! $ -$E " ((#( ("$': ( ((> ">> " "$ , -$(( '&E, ( ($ (( ,- '&E(E$' - ' $($ (($:
97: ! # >"$! "(% L( C($:
4565745778 % /4/ %
,*0 *+) , ) ,*
123 4 5 6 578 &#" ,9
5 3
9: $ 3?:
3
5: C((:
H: ( , '$" ( A((:
8: ># '( " ,+ '3( ># ( '$( L( " "$ " H7 C "2 (>( ' ' ##"$ "$ ? >$"$ " ! .EWKE>, 6! 6778 ! ( <#': "$ '( L( 'A$: #$# "( X J ", <(#( , "$ ( "$ ?( ( ' " "$ ((,$Q ?J <' ' , #(> (# '3 "#" (( ( "$Q J '( A( " '$((: . #$# (( ' ( $$#( $#$$ (( J ?J ( J %"! ? >$"$ " ' ' ( #(2 ,+ "3 "$ 3?: #$# " #( #& " '3! , ( C(! , "$ ((,$ ( +3'' " , $($ <'$"$ ( I(: 9H5! 976 ( 97G J:
A>>2 '$"(
% T Y
' ># " '$( L( ( (>$ < '( ,+1 +>> >$"$ " ' A>>
4565745778