MT
BIOFUELS, BIOLIQUIDS AND BIOMASS FUELS (SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA) REGULATIONS *
Table of Provisions (39)
Statutory Text (39 Articles)
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION 545.37
BIOFUELS, BIOLIQUIDS AND BIOMASS FUELS
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA) REGULATIONS *
28th December, 2021
LEGAL NOTICE 505 of 2021.
(1) The title of these regulations is the Biofuels,
Bioliquids and Biomass Fuels (Sustainability Criteria) Regulations.
(2)
These regulations give effect to Articles 29, 30 and 31 of
Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy
from renewable sources (recast).
(regulations 2, 3 and 5)
Rules for calculating the greenhouse gas impacts of biofuels, other bioliquids and
their fossil fuel comparators
Part A
TYPICAL AND DEFAULT VALUES FOR BIOFUELS IF PRODUCED WITH NO
NET CARBON EMISSIONS FROM LAND-USE CHANGE
Biofuel production pathway
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
emissions saving –
emissions saving –
typical value
default value
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
67%
59%
natural gas as process fuel in conventional
boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop,
77%
73%
natural gas as process fuel in conventional
boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
73%
68%
natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant (*))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop,
79%
76%
natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant (*))
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
58%
47%
lignite as process fuel in CHP plant (*))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop,
71%
64%
lignite as process fuel in CHP plant (*))
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as process
48%
40%
fuel in conventional boiler)
corn (maize) ethanol, (natural gas as
55%
48%
process fuel in CHP plant (*))
corn (maize) ethanol (lignite as process fuel
40%
28%
in CHP plant (*))
corn (maize) ethanol (forest residues as
69%
68%
process fuel in CHP plant (*))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
47%
38%
(natural gas as process fuel in conventional
boiler)
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
53%
46%
(natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant
(*))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
37%
24%
(lignite as process fuel in CHP plant (*))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
67%
67%
(forest residues as process fuel in CHP plant
(*))
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
sugar cane ethanol
70%
70%
the part from renewable sources of ethyl- Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway
tertio-butyl-ether (ETBE)
used
the part from renewable sources of tertiary- Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway
amyl-ethyl-ether (TAEE)
used
rape seed biodiesel
52%
47%
sunflower biodiesel
57%
52%
soybean biodiesel
55%
50%
palm oil biodiesel (open effluent pond)
33%
20%
palm oil biodiesel (process with methane
51%
45%
capture at oil mill)
waste cooking oil biodiesel
88%
84%
animal fats from rendering biodiesel (**)
84%
78%
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed
51%
47%
hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower
58%
54%
hydrotreated vegetable oil from soybean
55%
51%
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil
34%
22%
(open effluent pond)
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil
53%
49%
(process with methane capture at oil mill)
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil
87%
83%
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from
83%
77%
rendering (**)
pure vegetable oil from rape seed
59%
57%
pure vegetable oil from sunflower
65%
64%
pure vegetable oil from soybean
63%
61%
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (open
40%
30%
effluent pond)
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (process
59%
57%
with methane capture at oil mill)
pure oil from waste cooking oil
98%
98%
(*) Default values for processes using CHP are valid only if all the process heat is supplied by
CHP.
(**) Applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as category 1 and 2
material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of
the Council ( 1 ), for which emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not
considered.
( 1 ) Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21
October 2009 laying down health rules as regards animal by-products and derived products not
intended for human consumption and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002 (Animal by-
products Regulation) (OJ L 300, 14.11.2009, p.1).
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Part B
ESTIMATED TYPICAL AND DEFAULT VALUES FOR FUTURE BIOFUELS THAT
WERE NOT ON THE MARKET OR WERE ON THE MARKET ONLY IN
NEGLIGIBLE QUANTITIES IN 2016, IF PRODUCED WITH NO NET CARBON
EMISSIONS FROM LAND-USE CHANGE
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
Biofuel production pathway
emissions saving -
emissions saving -
typical value
default value
wheat straw ethanol
85%
83%
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel
83%
83%
in free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch
82%
82%
diesel in free-standing plant
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol
83%
83%
in free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch
82%
82%
petrol in free-standing plant
waste wood dimethylether (DME)
84%
84%
in free-standing plant
farmed wood dimethylether (DME)
83%
83%
in free-standing plant
waste wood methanol in free-
84%
84%
standing plant
farmed wood methanol in free-
83%
83%
standing plant
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-
89%
89%
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-
89%
89%
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
dimethylether (DME) from black-
89%
89%
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
Methanol from black-liquor
89%
89%
gasification integrated with pulp
mill
the part from renewable sources of Equal to that of the methanol production pathway
methyl-tertio-butyl-ether (MTBE) used
Part C
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
METHODOLOGY
1. Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of transport fuels,
biofuels and bioliquids shall be calculated as follows
(a)
greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of biofuels
shall be calculated as
E = e ec + e l + e p + e td + e u – e sca – e ccs – e ccr ,
where
E = total emissions from the use of the fuel;
e ec = emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials;
e l = annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use change;
e p = emissions from processing;
e td = emissions from transport and distribution;
e u = emissions from the fuel in use;
e sca = emission savings from soil carbon accumulation via improved agricultural
management;
e ccs = emission savings from CO 2 capture and geological storage; and
e ccr = emission savings from CO 2 capture and replacement.
Emissions from the manufacture of machinery and equipment shall not be taken into
account.
(b)
Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of bioliquids
shall be calculated as for biofuels (E), but with the extension necessary for
including the energy conversion to electricity and, or heat and cooling produced,
as follows
(i)
For energy installations delivering only heat
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
(ii)
For energy installations delivering only electricity
Where
EC h,el = Total greenhouse gas emissions from the final energy commodity.
E = Total greenhouse gas emissions of the bioliquid before end-conversion
η el = The electrical efficiency, defined as the annual electricity produced divided
by the annual bioliquid input based on its energy content
η h = The heat efficiency, defined as the annual useful heat output divided by the
annual bioliquid input based on its energy content.
(iii) For the electricity or mechanical energy coming from energy
installations delivering useful heat together with electricity and/or
mechanical energy
(iv) For the useful heat coming from energy installations
delivering heat together with electricity and/or mechanical energy
where
EC h,el =Total greenhouse gas emissions from the final energy commodity.
E =Total greenhouse gas emissions of the bioliquid before end-conversion.
η el =The electrical efficiency, defined as the annual electricity produced divided
by the annual fuel input based on its energy content.
η h = The heat efficiency, defined as the annual useful heat output divided by the
annual fuel input based on its energy content.
C el = Fraction of exergy in the electricity, and/or mechanical energy, set to 100 %
(C el = 1).
C h = Carnot efficiency (fraction of exergy in the useful heat).
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
The Carnot efficiency, C h , for useful heat at different temperatures is defined as
where
T h = Temperature, measured in absolute temperature (kelvin) of the useful heat at
point of delivery.
T 0 = Temperature of surroundings, set at 273.15 kelvin (equal to 0 °C)
If the excess heat is exported for heating of buildings, at a temperature below 150°C
(423.15 kelvin), C h can alternatively be defined as follows
C h = Carnot efficiency in heat at 150 °C (423.15 kelvin), which is: 0.3546
For the purposes of that calculation, the following definitions apply
(a)
"cogeneration" means the simultaneous generation in one process of
thermal energy and electricity and/or mechanical energy;
(b
"useful heat" means heat generated to satisfy an economical
justifiable demand for heat, for heating and cooling purposes;
(c)
"economically justifiable demand" means the demand that does not
exceed the needs for heat or cooling and which would otherwise be satisfied at
market conditions.
2. Greenhouse gas emissions from biofuels and bioliquids shall be expressed
as follows
(a)
greenhouse gas emissions from biofuels, E, shall be expressed in
terms of grams of CO 2 equivalent per MJ of fuel, g CO 2 eq/MJ.
(b)
greenhouse gas emissions from bioliquids, EC, in terms of grams of
CO 2 equivalent per MJ of final energy commodity (heat or electricity), g CO 2 eq/
MJ.
When heating and cooling are co-generated with electricity, emissions shall be
allocated between heat and electricity (as under 1(b)), irrespective if the heat is used
for actual heating purposes or for cooling ( Note 1 ).
Where the greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw
materials e ec are expressed in unit g CO 2 eq/dry-ton of feedstock, the conversion to
grams of CO 2 equivalent per MJ of fuel, g CO 2 eq/MJ, shall be calculated as follows
( Note 2 )
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
where
Fuel feedstock factor a = [Ratio of MJ feedstock required to make 1MJ fuel]
Emissions per dry-ton feedstock shall be calculated as follows
3. Greenhouse gas emissions savings from biofuels and bioliquids shall be
calculated as follows
(a)
greenhouse gas emissions savings from biofuels
SAVING = (E F(t) – E B )/E F(t) ,
where
E B = total emissions from the biofuel; and
E F(t) = total emissions from the fossil fuel comparator for transport
(b)
greenhouse gas emissions savings from heat and cooling, and
electricity being generated from bioliquids
SAVING = (EC F(h&c,el) – EC B(h&c,el) )/EC F(h&c,el) ,
where
EC B(h&c,el) = total emissions from the heat or electricity; and
EC F(h&c,el) = total emissions from the fossil fuel comparator for useful heat or
electricity.
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
4. The greenhouse gases taken into account for the purposes of item 1 shall be
CO 2 , N 2 O and CH 4 . For the purposes of calculating CO 2 equivalence, those gases shall
be valued as follows
CO 2
N 2 O
CH 4
5. Emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials, e ec , shall
include emissions from the extraction or cultivation process itself; from the collection,
drying and storage of raw materials; from waste and leakages; and from the production
of chemicals or products used in extraction or cultivation. Capture of CO 2 in the
cultivation of raw materials shall be excluded. Estimates of emissions from agriculture
biomass cultivation may be derived from the use of regional averages for cultivation
emissions included in the reports referred to in Article 31(4) of the Directive or the
information on the disaggregated default values for cultivation emissions included in this
Schedule, as an alternative to using actual values. In the absence of relevant information
in those reports it is allowed to calculate averages based on local farming practises based
for instance on data of a group of farms, as an alternative to using actual values.
6. For the purposes of the calculation referred to in paragraph (a) of item 1,
greenhouse gas emissions savings from improved agriculture management, e sca , such as
shifting to reduced or zero-tillage, improved crop/rotation, the use of cover crops,
including crop residue management, and the use of organic soil improver (e.g. compost,
manure fermentation digestate), shall be taken into account only if solid and verifiable
evidence is provided that the soil carbon has increased or that it is reasonable to expect to
have increased over the period in which the raw materials concerned were cultivated
while taking into account the emissions where such practices lead to increased fertiliser
and herbicide use ( Note 3 ).
(1)
Unless otherwise required under these regulations,
the definitions prescribed under the Regulator for Energy and Water
Services Act, and the Promotion of Energy from Renewable Sources
Regulations shall apply.
(2)
For the purposes of these regulations and unless the
context otherwise requires
"Act" means the Regulator for Energy and Water Services Act;
"actual value" means the greenhouse gas emissions saving for
some or all of the steps of a specific biofuel, bioliquid or biomass fuel
production process, calculated in accordance with the methodology
laid down in Part C of the First Schedule or Part B of the Second
Schedule;
"agricultural, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry residues"
means residues that are directly generated by agriculture, aquaculture,
fisheries and forestry and that do not include residues from related
industries or processing;
"agricultural
biomass"
means
biomass
produced
from
agriculture;
"biowaste" means biodegradable garden and park waste, food
and kitchen waste from households, restaurants, caterers and retail
premises and comparable waste from food processing plants;
"default value" means a value derived from a typical value by
the application of pre-determined factors and that may in
circumstances specified in these regulations, be used in place of an
actual value;
*These regulations have been repealed by Legal Notice 95 of 2026.
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
"Directive" means Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion
of the use of energy from renewable sources (recast);
"energy" means all forms of available energy, including
electricity, heating, cooling, liquefied petroleum gas, any fuel for
heating and cooling, coal and transport fuels;
"energy content" means the lower calorific value of fuel;
"energy consumer" means a natural or legal person who
consumes or purchases energy for own use and not for wholesale or
retail purposes;
"energy supplier" means an authorised supplier wholesaling or
retailing energy or products thereof;
"forest biomass" means biomass produced from forestry;
"forest regeneration" means the re-establishment of a forest
stand by natural or artificial means following the removal of the
previous stand by felling or as a result of natural causes, including fire
or storm;
"Minister" means the minister responsible for energy;
"Regulator" means the Regulator for Energy and Water Services
as established by article 3 of the Act;
"sourcing area" means the geographically defined area from
which the forest biomass feedstock is sourced, from which reliable and
independent information is available and where conditions are
sufficiently homogeneous to evaluate the risk of the sustainability and
legality characteristics of the forest biomass;
"typical value" means an estimate of the greenhouse gas
emissions and greenhouse gas emissions savings saving for a
particular biofuel, bioliquid or biomass fuel production pathway which
is representative of the Union consumption.
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
(Regulations 2, 3 and 5)
Rules for calculating the greenhouse gas impact of biomass fuels and their fossil
fuel comparators
Part A
TYPICAL AND DEFAULT VALUES OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
SAVINGS FOR BIOMASS FULELS IF PRODUCED WITH NO NET-CARBON
EMISSIONS FROM LAND USE CHANGE
WOODCHIPS
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas emissions
Biomass fuel production
Transport
emissions savings –
savings –typical value
system
distance
default value
Heat
Electricity
Heat
Electricity
Woodchips from forest
1 to 500 km
93%
89%
91%
87%
residues
500 to 2500 km
89%
84%
87%
81%
2500 to 10000
82%
73%
78%
67%
km
Above 10000
67%
51%
60%
41%
km
Woodchips from short
2500 to 10000
77%
65%
73%
60%
rotation coppice
km
(Eucalyptus)
Woodchips from short
1 to 500 km
89%
83%
87%
81%
rotation coppice (Poplar – 500 to 2500 km
85%
78%
84%
76%
Fertilised)
2500 to 10000
78%
67%
74%
62%
km
Above 10000
63%
45%
57%
35%
km
Woodchips from short
1 to 500 km
91%
87%
90%
85%
rotation coppice (Poplar – 500 to 2500 km
88%
82%
86%
79%
No fertilisation)
2500 to 10000
80%
70%
77%
65%
km
Above 10000
65%
48%
59%
39%
km
Woodchips from
1 to 500 km
93%
89%
92%
88%
stemwood
500 to 2500 km
90%
85%
88%
82%
2500 to 10000
82%
73%
79%
68%
km
Above 10000
67%
51%
61%
42%
km
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Woodchips from industry 1 to 500 km
94%
92%
93%
90%
residues
500 to 2500 km
91%
87%
90%
85%
2500 to 10000
83%
75%
80%
71%
km
Above 10000
69%
54%
63%
44%
km
WOOD PELLETS ( *1 )
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
Transport
emissions savings –
emissions savings –
Biomass fuel production system
distance
typical value
default value
Heat
Electricity
Heat
Electricity
Wood briquettes or
Case 1
1 to 500 km
58%
37%
49%
24%
pellets from forest
500 to 2500
58%
37%
49%
25%
residues
km
2500 to
55%
34%
47%
21%
10000 km
Above
50%
26%
40%
11%
10000 km
Case 2a
1 to 500 km
77%
66%
72%
59%
500 to 2500
77%
66%
72%
59%
km
2500 to
75%
62%
70%
55%
10000 km
Above
69%
54%
63%
45%
10000 km
Case 3a
1 to 500 km
92%
88%
90%
85%
500 to 2500
92%
88%
90%
86%
km
2500 to
90%
85%
88%
81%
10000 km
Above
84%
76%
81%
72%
10000 km
Wood briquettes or
Case 1
2500 to
52%
28%
43%
15%
pellets from short
10000 km
rotation coppice
Case 2a
2500 to
70%
56%
66%
49%
(Eucalyptus)
10000 km
Case 3a
2500 to
85%
78%
83%
75%
10000 km
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Wood briquettes or
Case 1
1 to 500 km
54%
32%
46%
20%
pellets from short
500 to
52%
29%
44%
16%
rotation coppice
10000 km
(Poplar – Fertilised)
Above
47%
21%
37%
7%
10000 km
Case 2a
1 to 500 km
73%
60%
69%
54%
500 to
71%
57%
67%
50%
10000 km
Above
66%
49%
60%
41%
10000 km
Case 3a
1 to 500 km
88%
82%
87%
81%
500 to
86%
79%
84%
77%
10000 km
Above
80%
71%
78%
67%
10000 km
Wood briquettes or
Case 1
1 to 500 km
56%
35%
48%
23%
pellets from short
500 to
54%
32%
46%
20%
rotation coppice
10000 km
(Poplar – No
Above
49%
24%
40%
10%
fertilisation)
10000 km
Case 2a
1 to 500 km
76%
64%
72%
58%
500 to
74%
61%
69%
54%
10000 km
Above
68%
53%
63%
45%
10000 km
Case 3a
1 to 500 km
91%
86%
90%
85%
500 to
89%
83%
87%
81%
10000 km
Above
83%
75%
81%
71%
10000 km
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Stemwood
Case 1
1 to 500 km
57%
37%
49%
24%
500 to 2500
58%
37%
49%
25%
km
2500 to
55%
34%
47%
21%
10000 km
Above
50%
26%
40%
11%
10000 km
Case 2a
1 to 500 km
77%
66%
73%
60%
500 to 2500
77%
66%
73%
60%
km
2500 to
75%
63%
70%
56%
10000 km
Above
70%
55%
64%
46%
10000 km
Case 3a
1 to 500 km
92%
88%
91%
86%
500 to 2500
92%
88%
91%
87%
km
2500 to
90%
85%
88%
83%
10000 km
Above
84%
77%
82%
73%
10000 km
Wood briquettes or
Case 1
1 to 500 km
75%
62%
69%
55%
pellets from wood
500 to 2500
75%
62%
70%
55%
industry residues
km
2500 to
72%
59%
67%
51%
10000 km
Above
67%
51%
61%
42%
10000 km
Case 2a
1 to 500 km
87%
80%
84%
76%
500 to 2500
87%
80%
84%
77%
km
2500 to
85%
77%
82%
73%
10000 km
Above
79%
69%
75%
63%
10000 km
Case 3a
1 to 500 km
95%
93%
94%
91%
500 to 2500
95%
93%
94%
92%
km
2500 to
93%
90%
92%
88%
10000 km
Above
88%
82%
85%
78%
10000 km
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
( *1 ) Case 1 refers to processes in which a natural gas boiler is used to provide the process heat to the
pellet mill. Electricity for the pellet mill is supplied from the grid;
Case 2a refers to processes in which a woodchips boiler, fed with pre-dried chips, is used to provide
process heat. Electricity for the pellet mill is supplied from the grid;
Case 3a refers to processes in which a CHP, fed with pre-dried woodchips, is used to provide
electricity and heat to the pellet mill.
AGRICULTURE PATHWAYS
Greenhouse gas emissions Greenhouse gas emissions
Biomass fuel
Transport
savings – typical value
savings – default value
production system
distance
Heat
Electricity
Heat
Electricity
Agricultural Residues
1 to 500 km
95%
92%
93%
90%
with density < 0.2 t/m 3
500 to 2500 km
89%
83%
86%
80%
2500 to 10000 km
77%
66%
73%
60%
( *1 )
Above 10000 km
57%
36%
48%
23%
Agricultural Residues
1 to 500 km
95%
92%
93%
90%
with density > 0.2 t/m 3
500 to 2500 km
93%
89%
92%
87%
2500 to 10000 km
88%
82%
85%
78%
( *2 )
Above 10000 km
78%
68%
74%
61%
Straw pellets
1 to 500 km
88%
82%
85%
78%
500 to 10000 km
86%
79%
83%
74%
Above 10000 km
80%
70%
76%
64%
Bagasse briquettes
500 to 10000 km
93%
89%
91%
87 %
Above 10000 km
87%
81%
85%
77%
Palm Kernel Meal
Above 10000 km
20%
-18%
11%
-33%
Palm Kernel Meal (no
Above 10000 km
46%
20%
42%
14%
CH 4 emissions from oil
mill)
( *1 ) This group of materials includes agricultural residues with a low bulk density and it comprises
materials such as straw bales, oat hulls, rice husks and sugar cane bagasse bales (not exhaustive list).
( *2 ) The group of agricultural residues with higher bulk density includes materials such as corn cobs,
nut shells, soybean hulls, palm kernel shells (not exhaustive list).
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
BIOGAS FOR ELECTRICITY ( *1 )
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
Biogas production
Technological option
emissions savings –
emissions savings –
system
typical value
default value
Wet manure ( 1 ) Case 1 Open digestate ( 2 )
146%
94%
Close digestate ( 3 )
246%
240%
Case 2
Open digestate
136%
85%
Close digestate
227%
219%
Case 3
Open digestate
142%
86%
Close digestate
243%
235%
Maize whole
Case 1
Open digestate
36%
21%
plant ( 4 )
Close digestate
59%
53%
Case 2
Open digestate
34%
18%
Close digestate
55%
47%
Case 3
Open digestate
28%
10%
Close digestate
52%
43%
Biowaste
Case 1
Open digestate
47%
26%
Close digestate
84%
78%
Case 2
Open digestate
43%
21%
Close digestate
77%
68%
Case 3
Open digestate
38%
14%
Close digestate
76%
66%
( *1 ) Case 1 refers to pathways in which electricity and heat required in the process are supplied by
the CHP engine itself.
Case 2 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the process is taken from the grid and
the process heat is supplied by the CHP engine itself. In some Member States, operators are not
allowed to claim the gross production for subsidies and case 1 is the more likely configuration.
Case 3 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the process is taken from the grid and
the process heat is supplied by a biogas boiler. This case applies to some installations in which the
CHP engine is not on-site and biogas is sold (but not upgraded to biomethane).
( 1 ) The values for biogas production from manure include negative emissions for emissions saved
from raw manure management. The value of e sca considered is equal to – 45 g CO 2 eq/MJ manure
used in anaerobic digestion.
( 2 ) Open storage of digestate accounts for additional emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O. The magnitude of
those emissions changes with ambient conditions, substrate types and the digestion efficiency.
( 3 ) Close storage means that the digestate resulting from the digestion process is stored in a gas-
tight tank and that the additional biogas released during storage is considered to be recovered for
production of additional electricity or biomethane. No greenhouse gas emissions are included in that
process.
( 4 ) Maize whole plant means maize harvested as fodder and ensiled for preservation.
BIOGAS FOR ELECTRICITY – MIXTURES OF MANURE AND MAIZE
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
Biogas production
Technological option
emissions savings –
emissions savings –
system
typical value
default value
Manure –
Case 1
Open digestate
72%
45%
Maize
Close digestate
120%
114%
Case 2
Open digestate
67%
40%
80% - 20%
Close digestate
111%
103%
Case 3
Open digestate
65%
35%
Close digestate
114%
106%
Manure –
Case 1
Open digestate
60%
37%
Maize
Close digestate
100%
94%
Case 2
Open digestate
57%
32%
70% - 30%
Close digestate
93%
85%
Case 3
Open digestate
53%
27%
Close digestate
94%
85%
Manure –
Case 1
Open digestate
53%
32%
Maize
Close digestate
88%
82%
Case 2
Open digestate
50%
28%
60% - 40%
Close digestate
82%
73%
Case 3
Open digestate
46%
22%
Close digestate
81%
72%
BIOMETHANE FOR TRANSPORT ( *1 )
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Biomethane
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
Technological
production
emissions savings –
emissions savings –
options
system
typical value
default value
Wet manure
Open digestate, no off-
117%
72%
gas combustion
Open digestate, off-
133%
94%
gas combustion
Close digestate, no
190%
179%
off-gas combustion
Close digestate, off-
206%
202%
gas combustion
Maize whole plant Open digestate, no off-
35%
17%
gas combustion
Open digestate, off-
51%
39%
gas combustion
Close digestate, no
52%
41%
off-gas combustion
Close digestate, off-
68%
63%
gas combustion
Biowaste
Open digestate, no off-
43%
20%
gas combustion
Open digestate, off-
59%
42%
gas combustion
Close digestate, no
70%
58%
off-gas combustion
Close digestate, off-
86%
80%
gas combustion
( *1 ) The greenhouse gas emissions savings for biomethane only refer to compressed biomethane
relative to the fossil fuel comparator for transport of 94 g CO 2 eq/MJ.
BIOMETHANE – MIXTURES OF MANURE AND MAIZE ( *1 )
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
Biomethane
Technological options
emissions savings –
emissions savings –
production system
typical value
default value
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Manure – Maize
Open digestate, no off-
62%
35%
80% - 20%
gas combustion ( )
Open digestate, off-gas
78%
57%
combustion ( 2 )
Close digestate, no off-
97%
86%
gas combustion
Close digestate, off-gas
113%
108%
combustion
Manure – Maize
Open digestate, no off-
53%
29%
gas combustion
70% - 30%
Open digestate, off-gas
69%
51%
combustion
Close digestate, no off-
83%
71%
gas combustion
Close digestate, off-gas
99%
94%
combustion
Manure – Maize
Open digestate, no off-
48%
25%
gas combustion
60% - 40%
Open digestate, off-gas
64%
48%
combustion
Close digestate, no off-
74%
62%
gas combustion
Close digestate, off-gas
90%
84%
combustion
( *1 ) The greenhouse gas emissions savings for biomethane only refer to compressed biomethane
relative to the fossil fuel comparator for transport of 94 g CO 2 eq/MJ.
( 1 ) This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to
biomethane: Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA), Pressure Water Scrubbing (PWS), Membranes,
Cryogenic, and Organic Physical Scrubbing (OPS). It includes an emission of 0.03 MJ CH 4 /MJ
biomethane for the emission of methane in the off-gases.
( 2 ) This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to
biomethane: Pressure Water Scrubbing (PWS) when water is recycled, Pressure Swing Adsorption
(PSA), Chemical Scrubbing, Organic Physical Scrubbing (OPS), Membranes and Cryogenic
upgrading. No methane emissions are considered for this category (the methane in the off-gas is
combusted, if any).
Part B
METHODOLOGY
1. Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of biomass fuels,
shall be calculated as follows
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
(a)
Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of biomass
fuels before conversion into electricity, heating and cooling, shall be calculated
as
E = e ec + e l + e p + e td + e u – e sca – e ccs – e ccr ,
Where
E = total emissions from the production of the fuel before energy conversion;
e ec = emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials;
e l = annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use change;
e p = emissions from processing;
e td = emissions from transport and distribution;
e u = emissions from the fuel in use;
e sca = emission savings from soil carbon accumulation via improved agricultural
management;
e ccs = emission savings from CO 2 capture and geological storage; and
e ccr = emission savings from CO 2 capture and replacement.
Emissions from the manufacture of machinery and equipment shall not be taken
into account.
(b)
In the case of co-digestion of different substrates in a biogas plant
for the production of biogas or biomethane, the typical and default values of
greenhouse gas emissions shall be calculated as
where
E = greenhouse gas emissions per MJ biogas or biomethane produced from co-
digestion of the defined mixture of substrates
S n = Share of feedstock n in energy content
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
E n = Emission in g CO 2 /MJ for pathway n as provided in Part D of this Schedule
where
P n = energy yield [MJ] per kilogram of wet input of feedstock n (**)
W n = weighting factor of substrate n defined as
where
I n = Annual input to digester of substrate n [tonne of fresh matter]
AM n = Average annual moisture of substrate n [kg water/kg fresh matter]
SM n = Standard moisture for substrate n (***).
(*)
For animal manure used as substrate, a bonus of 45g CO 2 eq/MJ manure (–
54kg CO 2 eq/t fresh matter) is added for improved agricultural and manure management.
(**)
The following values of P n shall be used for calculating typical and default
values
P(Maize): 4.16 [MJ biogas /kg wet maize @ 65% moisture ]
P(Manure): 0.50 [MJ biogas /kg wet manure @ 90% moisture ]
P(Biowaste) 3.41 [MJ biogas /kg wet biowaste @ 76% moisture ]
(***) The following values of the standard moisture for substrate SM n shall be
used
SM(Maize): 0.65 [kg water/kg fresh matter]
SM(Manure): 0.90 [kg water/kg fresh matter]
SM(Biowaste): 0.76 [kg water/kg fresh matter]
(c)
In the case of co-digestion of n substrates in a biogas plant for the
production of electricity or biomethane, actual greenhouse gas emissions of
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
biogas and biomethane are calculated as follows
where
E = total emissions from the production of the biogas or biomethane before energy
conversion;
S n = Share of feedstock n, in fraction of input to the digester;
e ec,n = emissions from the extraction or cultivation of feedstock n;
e td,feedstock,n = emissions from transport of feedstock n to the digester;
e l,n = annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use change,
for feedstock n;
e sca = emission savings from improved agricultural management of feedstock n
e p = emissions from processing;
e td,product = emissions from transport and distribution of biogas and/or
biomethane;
e u = emissions from the fuel in use, that is greenhouse gases emitted during
combustion;
e ccs = emission savings from CO 2 capture and geological storage; and
e ccr = emission savings from CO 2 capture and replacement.
(*)
For e sca a bonus of 45g CO 2 eq/MJ manure shall be attributed for improved
agricultural and manure management in the case animal manure is used as a substrate for
the production of biogas and biomethane.
(d)
Greenhouse gas emissions from the use of biomass fuels in
producing electricity, heating and cooling, including the energy conversion to
electricity and/or heat or cooling produced, shall be calculated as follows
(i)
For energy installations delivering only heat
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
(ii)
For energy installations delivering only electricity
where
EC h,el = Total greenhouse gas emissions from the final energy commodity.
E = Total greenhouse gas emissions of the fuel before end-conversion.
η el = The electrical efficiency, defined as the annual electricity produced divided
by the annual fuel input, based on its energy content.
η h = The heat efficiency, defined as the annual useful heat output divided by the
annual fuel input, based on its energy content.
(iii) For the electricity or mechanical energy coming from energy
installations delivering useful heat together with electricity and/or
mechanical energy
(iv) For the useful heat coming from energy installations
delivering heat together with electricity and/or mechanical energy
where
EC h,el = Total greenhouse gas emissions from the final energy commodity.
E = Total greenhouse gas emissions of the fuel before end-conversion.
η el = The electrical efficiency, defined as the annual electricity produced divided
by the annual energy input, based on its energy content.
η h = The heat efficiency, defined as the annual useful heat output divided by the
annual energy input, based on its energy content.
C el = Fraction of exergy in the electricity, and/or mechanical energy, set to 100%
(C el = 1).
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
C h = Carnot efficiency (fraction of exergy in the useful heat).
The Carnot efficiency, C h , for useful heat at different temperatures is defined as
where
T h = Temperature, measured in absolute temperature (kelvin) of the useful heat at
point of delivery.
T 0 = Temperature of surroundings, set at 273.15 kelvin (equal to 0°C).
If the excess heat is exported for heating of buildings, at a temperature below
150°C (423.15 kelvin), C h can alternatively be defined as follows
C h = Carnot efficiency in heat at 150°C (423.15 kelvin), which is: 0.3546
For the purposes of that calculation, the following definitions apply
(i)
"cogeneration" shall mean the simultaneous generation in one
process of thermal energy and electricity and/or mechanical energy;
(ii)
"useful heat" shall mean heat generated to satisfy an economical
justifiable demand for heat, for heating or cooling purposes;
(iii) "economically justifiable demand" shall mean the demand that does
not exceed the needs for heat or cooling and which would otherwise be satisfied at
market conditions.
2. Greenhouse gas emissions from biomass fuels shall be expressed as
follows
(a)
greenhouse gas emissions from biomass fuels, E, shall be expressed
in terms of grams of CO 2 equivalent per MJ of biomass fuel, g CO 2 eq/MJ;
(b)
greenhouse gas emissions from heating or electricity, produced from
biomass fuels, EC, shall be expressed
in terms of grams of CO 2 equivalent per MJ of final energy commodity (heat or
electricity), g CO 2 eq/MJ.
When heating and cooling are co-generated with electricity, emissions shall be
allocated between heat and electricity (as under paragraph (d) of item 1), irrespective if
the heat is used for actual heating purposes or for cooling. ( Note 1 )
Where the greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw
materials e ec are expressed in unit g CO 2 eq/dry-ton of feedstock, the conversion to
grams of CO 2 equivalent per MJ of fuel, g CO 2 eq /MJ, shall be calculated as follows
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
( Note 2 )
where
Fuel feedstock factor a = [Ratio of MJ feedstock required to make 1MJ fuel]
Emissions per dry-ton feedstock shall be calculated as follows
3. Greenhouse gas emissions savings from biomass fuels shall be calculated
as follows
(a)
greenhouse gas emissions savings from biomass fuels used as transport
fuels
SAVING = (E F(t) – E B )/E F(t)
where
E B = total emissions from biomass fuels used as transport fuels; and
E F(t) = total emissions from the fossil fuel comparator for transport
(b)
greenhouse gas emissions savings from heat and cooling, and electricity
being generated from biomass fuels
SAVING = (EC F(h&c,el) – EC B(h&c,el) )/EC F (h&c,el) ,
where
EC B(h&c,el) = total emissions from the heat or electricity,
EC F(h&c,el) = total emissions from the fossil fuel comparator for useful heat or
electricity.
4. The greenhouse gases taken into account for the purposes of item1 shall be
CO 2 , N 2 O and CH 4 . For the purposes of calculating CO 2 equivalence, those gases shall
be valued as follows
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
CO 2 : 1
N 2 O: 298
CH 4 : 25
5. Emissions from the extraction, harvesting or cultivation of raw materials,
e ec , shall include emissions from the extraction, harvesting or cultivation process itself;
from the collection, drying and storage of raw materials; from waste and leakages; and
from the production of chemicals or products used in extraction or cultivation. Capture
of CO 2 in the cultivation of raw materials shall be excluded. Estimates of emissions from
agriculture biomass cultivation may be derived from the regional averages for cultivation
emissions included in the reports referred to in Article 31(4) of the Directive or the
information on the disaggregated default values for cultivation emissions included in this
Schedule, as an alternative to using actual values. In the absence of relevant information
in those reports it is allowed to calculate averages based on local farming practises based
for instance on data of a group of farms, as an alternative to using actual values.
Estimates of emissions from cultivation and harvesting of forestry biomass may
be derived from the use of averages for cultivation and harvesting emissions calculated
for geographical areas at national level, as an alternative to using actual values.
6. For the purposes of the calculation referred to in paragraph (a) of item 1,
emission savings from improved agriculture management, e sca , such as shifting to
reduced or zero-tillage, improved crop/rotation, the use of cover crops, including crop
residue management, and the use of organic soil improver (e.g. compost, manure
fermentation digestate), shall be taken into account only if solid and verifiable evidence
is provided that the soil carbon has increased or that it is reasonable to expect to have
increased over the period in which the raw materials concerned were cultivated while
taking into account the emissions where such practices lead to increased fertiliser and
herbicide use ( Note 3 ).
7. Annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use
change, e l , shall be calculated by dividing total emissions equally over twenty (20) years.
For the calculation of those emissions the following rule shall be applied
e l = (CS R – CS A ) × 3.664 × 1/20 × 1/P – e B , ( Note 4 )
where
e l = annualised greenhouse gas emissions from carbon stock change due to land-
use change (measured as mass of CO 2 -equivalent per unit biomass fuel energy).
"Cropland" ( Note 5 ) and "perennial cropland" ( Note 6 ) shall be regarded as one land use;
CS R = the carbon stock per unit area associated with the reference land use
(measured as mass (tonnes) of carbon per unit area, including both soil and vegetation).
The reference land use shall be the land use in January 2008 or twenty (20) years before
the raw material was obtained, whichever was the later;
CS A = the carbon stock per unit area associated with the actual land use (measured
as mass (tonnes) of carbon per unit area, including both soil and vegetation). In cases
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
where the carbon stock accumulates over more than one year, the value attributed to CS A
shall be the estimated stock per unit area after twenty (20) years or when the crop
reaches maturity, whichever the earlier;
P = the productivity of the crop (measured as biomass fuel energy per unit area per
year); and
e B = bonus of 29g CO 2 eq/MJ biomass fuel if biomass is obtained from restored
degraded land under the conditions laid down in item 8.
8. The bonus of 29g CO 2 eq/MJ shall be attributed if evidence is provided that
the land
(a)
was not in use for agriculture in January 2008 or any other activity;
and
(b)
is severely degraded land, including such land that was formerly in
agricultural use.
The bonus of 29g CO 2 eq/MJ shall apply for a period of up to twenty (20) years
from the date of conversion of the land to agricultural use, provided that a steady
increase in carbon stocks as well as a sizable reduction in erosion phenomena for land
falling under (b) are ensured.
9. "Severely degraded land" means land that, for a significant period of time,
has either been significantly salinated or presented significantly low organic matter
content and has been severely eroded.
10. In accordance with item 10 of Part C of the First Schedule, Commission
Decision 2010/335/EU ( Note 7 ), which provides for guidelines for the calculation of land
carbon stocks in relation to the Directive, drawing on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories – volume 4, and in accordance with Regulations
(EU) No 525/2013 and (EU) 2018/841, shall serve as the basis for the calculation of land
carbon stocks.
11. Emissions from processing, e p , shall include emissions from the processing
itself; from waste and leakages; and from the production of chemicals or products used
in processing, including the CO 2 emissions corresponding to the carbon contents of
fossil inputs, whether or not actually combusted in the process.
In accounting for the consumption of electricity not produced within the solid or
gaseous biomass fuel production plant, the greenhouse gas emissions intensity of the
production and distribution of that electricity shall be assumed to be equal to the average
emission intensity of the production and distribution of electricity in a defined region. By
way of derogation from this rule, producers may use an average value for an individual
electricity production plant for electricity produced by that plant, if that plant is not
connected to the electricity grid.
Emissions from processing shall include emissions from drying of interim
products and materials where relevant.
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
12. Emissions from transport and distribution, e td , shall include emissions from
the transport of raw and semi-finished materials and from the storage and distribution of
finished materials. Emissions from transport and distribution to be taken into account
under item 5 shall not be covered by this item.
13. Emissions of CO 2 from fuel in use, e u, shall be taken to be zero for biomass
fuels. Emissions of non-CO 2 greenhouse gases (CH 4 and N 2 O) from the fuel in use shall
be included in the e u factor.
14. Emission savings from CO 2 capture and geological storage, e ccs , that have
not already been accounted for in e p , shall be limited to emissions avoided through the
capture and storage of emitted CO 2 directly related to the extraction, transport,
processing and distribution of biomass fuel if stored in compliance with Directive 2009/
31/EC.
15. Emission savings from CO 2 capture and replacement, e ccr , shall be related
directly to the production of biomass fuel they are attributed to, and shall be limited to
emissions avoided through the capture of CO 2 of which the carbon originates from
biomass and which is used to replace fossil-derived CO 2 in production of commercial
products and services.
16. Where a cogeneration unit – providing heat and, or electricity to a biomass
fuel production process for which emissions are being calculated – produces excess
electricity and/or excess useful heat, the greenhouse gas emissions shall be divided
between the electricity and the useful heat according to the temperature of the heat
(which reflects the usefulness (utility) of the heat). The useful part of the heat is found by
multiplying its energy content with the Carnot efficiency, C h , calculated as follows
where
T h = Temperature, measured in absolute temperature (kelvin) of the useful heat at
point of delivery.
T 0 = Temperature of surroundings, set at 273.15 kelvin (equal to 0°C).
If the excess heat is exported for heating of buildings, at a temperature below
150°C (423.15 kelvin), C h can alternatively be defined as follows
C h = Carnot efficiency in heat at 150 °C (423.15 kelvin), which is: 0.3546
For the purposes of that calculation, the actual efficiencies shall be used, defined
as the annual mechanical energy, electricity and heat produced respectively divided by
the annual energy input.
For the purposes of that calculation, the following definitions apply
(a)
"cogeneration" shall mean the simultaneous generation in one
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
process of thermal energy and electrical and/or mechanical energy;
(b)
"useful heat" shall mean heat generated to satisfy an economical
justifiable demand for heat, for heating or cooling purposes;
(c)
"economically justifiable demand" shall mean the demand that does
not exceed the needs for heat or cooling and which would otherwise be satisfied at
market conditions.
17. Where a biomass fuel production process produces, in combination, the
fuel for which emissions are being calculated and one or more other products ("co-
products"), greenhouse gas emissions shall be divided between the fuel or its
intermediate product and the co-products in proportion to their energy content
(determined by lower heating value in the case of co-products other than electricity and
heat). The greenhouse gas intensity of excess useful heat or excess electricity is the same
as the greenhouse gas intensity of heat or electricity delivered to the biomass fuel
production process and is determined from calculating the greenhouse gas intensity of all
inputs and emissions, including the feedstock and CH 4 and N 2 O emissions, to and from
the cogeneration unit, boiler or other apparatus delivering heat or electricity to the
biomass fuel production process. In the case of cogeneration of electricity and heat, the
calculation is performed following item16.
18. For the purposes of the calculations referred to in item 17, the emissions to
be divided shall be e ec + e l + e sca + those fractions of e p , e td , e ccs and e ccr that take place up
to and including the process step at which a co-product is produced. If any allocation to
co-products has taken place at an earlier process step in the life-cycle, the fraction of
those emissions assigned in the last such process step to the intermediate fuel product
shall be used for those purposes instead of the total of those emissions.
In the case of biogas and biomethane, all co-products shall be taken into account
for the purposes of that calculation. No emissions shall be allocated to wastes and
residues. Co-products that have a negative energy content shall be considered to have an
energy content of zero for the purposes of the calculation.
Wastes and residues, including tree tops and branches, straw, husks, cobs and nut
shells, and residues from processing, including crude glycerine (glycerine that is not
refined) and bagasse, shall be considered to have zero life-cycle greenhouse gas
emissions up to the process of collection of those materials irrespectively of whether
they are processed to interim products before being transformed into the final product.
In the case of biomass fuels produced in refineries, other than the combination of
processing plants with boilers or cogeneration units providing heat and/or electricity to
the processing plant, the unit of analysis for the purposes of the calculation referred to in
item 17 shall be the refinery.
19. For biomass fuels used for the production of electricity, for the purposes of
the calculation referred to in item 3, the fossil fuel comparator EC F(el) shall be 183g
CO 2 eq/MJ electricity or 212g CO 2 eq/MJ electricity for the outermost regions.
For biomass fuels used for the production of useful heat, as well as for the
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
production of heating and/or cooling, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in
item 3, the fossil fuel comparator EC F(h) shall be 80g CO 2 eq/MJ heat.
For biomass fuels used for the production of useful heat, in which a direct physical
substitution of coal can be demonstrated, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in
item 3, the fossil fuel comparator EC F(h) shall be 124g CO 2 eq/MJ heat.
For biomass fuels used as transport fuels, for the purposes of the calculation
referred to in item 3, the fossil fuel comparator E F(t) shall be 94g CO 2 eq/MJ.
Notes to Part B of this Schedule
(Note 1) Heat or waste heat is used to generate cooling (chilled air or water)
through absorption chillers. Therefore, it is appropriate to calculate only the emissions
associated to the heat produced, per MJ of heat, irrespectively if the end-use of the heat
is actual heating or cooling via absorption chillers.
(Note 2)The formula for calculating greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction
or cultivation of raw materials e ec describes cases where feedstock is converted into
biofuels in one step. For more complex supply chains, adjustments are needed for
calculating greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials
e ec for intermediate products.
(Note 3) Measurements of soil carbon can constitute such evidence, e.g. by a first
measurement in advance of the cultivation and subsequent ones at regular intervals
several years apart. In such a case, before the second measurement is available, increase
in soil carbon would be estimated on the basis of representative experiments or soil
models. From the second measurement onwards, the measurements would constitute the
basis for determining the existence of an increase in soil carbon and its magnitude.
(Note 4) The quotient obtained by dividing the molecular weight of CO2 (44.010
g/mol) by the molecular weight of carbon (12.011g/mol) is equal to 3.664.
(Note 5) Cropland as defined by IPCC.
(Note 6) Perennial crops are defined as multi-annual crops, the stem of which is
usually not annually harvested such as short rotation coppice and oil palm.
(Note 7) Commission Decision 2010/335/EU of 10 June 2010 on guidelines for
the calculation of land carbon stocks for the purpose of Annex V to Directive 2009/28/
EC (OJL151, 17.6.2010, p.19).
Part C
DISAGGREGATED DEFAULT VALUES FOR BIOMASS FUELS
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Wood briquettes or pellets
Greenhouse gas emissions – typical value
Greenhouse gas emissions – default value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
Biomass fuel
Transport
Non-
Non-
production
distance
CO 2 emissions
CO 2 emissions
system
Cultivation
Processing
Transport
Cultivation Processing Transport
from the fuel in
from the fuel in
use
use
Wood chips 1 to 500
0.0
1.6
3.0
0.4
0.0
1.9
3.6
0.5
from forest km
residues
to
0.0
1.6
5.2
0.4
0.0
1.9
6.2
0.5
2500 km
to
0.0
1.6
10.5
0.4
0.0
1.9
12.6
0.5
10000 km
Above
0.0
1.6
20.5
0.4
0.0
1.9
24.6
0.5
10000 km
Wood chips 2500
to
4.4
0.0
11.0
0.4
4.4
0.0
13.2
0.5
from SRC 10000 km
(Eucalyptus
)
Wood chips 1 to 500
3.9
0.0
3.5
0.4
3.9
0.0
4.2
0.5
from SRC km
(Poplar –
to
3.9
0.0
5.6
0.4
3.9
0.0
6.8
0.5
fertilised) 2500 km
to
3.9
0.0
11.0
0.4
3.9
0.0
13.2
0.5
10000 km
Above
3.9
0.0
21.0
0.4
3.9
0.0
25.2
0.5
10000 km
Wood chips 1 to 500
2.2
0.0
3.5
0.4
2.2
0.0
4.2
0.5
from SRC km
(Poplar –
to
2.2
0.0
5.6
0.4
2.2
0.0
6.8
0.5
Not
2500 km
fertilised) 2500
to
2.2
0.0
11.0
0.4
2.2
0.0
13.2
0.5
10000 km
Above
2.2
0.0
21.0
0.4
2.2
0.0
25.2
0.5
10000 km
Wood chips 1 to 500
1.1
0.3
3.0
0.4
1.1
0.4
3.6
0.5
from
km
stemwood 500
to
1.1
0.3
5.2
0.4
1.1
0.4
6.2
0.5
2500 km
to
1.1
0.3
10.5
0.4
1.1
0.4
12.6
0.5
10000 km
Above
1.1
0.3
20.5
0.4
1.1
0.4
24.6
0.5
10000 km
Wood chips 1 to 500
0.0
0.3
3.0
0.4
0.0
0.4
3.6
0.5
from wood km
industry
to
0.0
0.3
5.2
0.4
0.0
0.4
6.2
0.5
residues
2500 km
to
0.0
0.3
10.5
0.4
0.0
0.4
12.6
0.5
10000 km
Above
0.0
0.3
20.5
0.4
0.0
0.4
24.6
0.5
10000 km
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Wood briquettes or pellets
Biomass fuel
Greenhouse gas emissions – typical value
Greenhouse gas emissions – default value
Transport
production
distance
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
system
Non-
Non-
CO 2 emis-
Transport
CO 2 emis-
Transport &
Cultivation Processing
&
Cultivation Processing
sions from
distribution
sions from the
distribution
the fuel in
fuel in use
use
Wood
1 to 500 km
0.0
25.8
2.9
0.3
0.0
30.9
3.5
0.3
briquettes or
500 to 2500
0.0
25.8
2.8
0.3
0.0
30.9
3.3
0.3
pellets from
km
forest
2500 to
0.0
25.8
4.3
0.3
0.0
30.9
5.2
0.3
residues
10000 km
(case 1)
Above
0.0
25.8
7.9
0.3
0.0
30.9
9.5
0.3
10000 km
Wood
1 to 500 km
0.0
12.5
3.0
0.3
0.0
15.0
3.6
0.3
briquettes or 500 to 2500
0.0
12.5
2.9
0.3
0.0
15.0
3.5
0.3
pellets from km
forest
2500 to
0.0
12.5
4.4
0.3
0.0
15.0
5.3
0.3
residues
10000 km
(case 2a)
Above
0.0
12.5
8.1
0.3
0.0
15.0
9.8
0.3
10000 km
Wood
1 to 500 km
0.0
2.4
3.0
0.3
0.0
2.8
3.6
0.3
briquettes or 500 to 2500
0.0
2.4
2.9
0.3
0.0
2.8
3.5
0.3
pellets from km
forest
2500 to
0.0
2.4
4.4
0.3
0.0
2.8
5.3
0.3
residues
10000 km
(case 3a)
Above
0.0
2.4
8.2
0.3
0.0
2.8
9.8
0.3
10000 km
Wood
2500 to
3.9
24.5
4.3
0.3
3.9
29.4
5.2
0.3
briquettes
10000 km
from short
rotation
coppice
(Eucalyptus
– case 1)
Wood
2500 to
5.0
10.6
4.4
0.3
5.0
12.7
5.3
0.3
briquettes
10000 km
from short
rotation
coppice
(Eucalyptus
– case 2a)
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Wood
2500 to
5.3
0.3
4.4
0.3
5.3
0.4
5.3
0.3
briquettes
10000 km
from short
rotation
coppice
(Eucalyptus
– case 3a)
Wood
1 to 500 km
3.4
24.5
2.9
0.3
3.4
29.4
3.5
0.3
briquettes
500 to
3.4
24.5
4.3
0.3
3.4
29.4
5.2
0.3
from short
10000 km
rotation
Above
3.4
24.5
7.9
0.3
3.4
29.4
9.5
0.3
coppice
10 000 km
(Poplar –
Fertilised –
case 1)
Wood
1 to 500 km
4.4
10.6
3.0
0.3
4.4
12.7
3.6
0.3
briquettes
500 to
4.4
10.6
4.4
0.3
4.4
12.7
5.3
0.3
from short
10000 km
rotation
Above
4.4
10.6
8.1
0.3
4.4
12.7
9.8
0.3
coppice
10000 km
(Poplar –
Fertilised –
case 2a)
Wood
1 to 500 km
4.6
0.3
3.0
0.3
4.6
0.4
3.6
0.3
briquettes
500 to
4.6
0.3
4.4
0.3
4.6
0.4
5.3
0.3
from short
10000 km
rotation
Above
4.6
0.3
8.2
0.3
4.6
0.4
9.8
0.3
coppice
10000 km
(Poplar –
Fertilised –
case 3a)
Wood
1 to 500 km
2.0
24.5
2.9
0.3
2.0
29.4
3.5
0.3
briquettes
500 to 2500
2.0
24.5
4.3
0.3
2.0
29.4
5.2
0.3
from short
km
rotation
2500 to
2.0
24.5
7.9
0.3
2.0
29.4
9.5
0.3
coppice
10000 km
(Poplar – no
fertilisation –
case 1)
Wood
1 to 500 km
2.5
10.6
3.0
0.3
2.5
12.7
3.6
0.3
briquettes
500 to
2.5
10.6
4.4
0.3
2.5
12.7
5.3
0.3
from short
10000 km
rotation
Above
2.5
10.6
8.1
0.3
2.5
12.7
9.8
0.3
coppice
10000 km
(Poplar – no
fertilisation –
case 2a)
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Wood
1 to 500 km
2.6
0.3
3.0
0.3
2.6
0.4
3.6
0.3
briquettes
500 to
2.6
0.3
4.4
0.3
2.6
0.4
5.3
0.3
from short
10000 km
rotation
Above
2.6
0.3
8.2
0.3
2.6
0.4
9.8
0.3
coppice
10000 km
(Poplar – no
fertilisation–
case 3a)
Wood
1 to 500 km
1.1
24.8
2.9
0.3
1.1
29.8
3.5
0.3
briquettes or
500 to 2500
1.1
24.8
2.8
0.3
1.1
29.8
3.3
0.3
pellets from
km
stemwood
2500 to
1.1
24.8
4.3
0.3
1.1
29.8
5.2
0.3
(case 1)
10000 km
Above
1.1
24.8
7.9
0.3
1.1
29.8
9.5
0.3
10000 km
Wood
1 to 500 km
1.4
11.0
3.0
0.3
1.4
13.2
3.6
0.3
briquettes or 500 to 2500
1.4
11.0
2.9
0.3
1.4
13.2
3.5
0.3
pellets from km
stemwood
2500 to
1.4
11.0
4.4
0.3
1.4
13.2
5.3
0.3
(case 2a)
10000 km
Above
1.4
11.0
8.1
0.3
1.4
13.2
9.8
0.3
10000 km
Wood
1 to 500 km
1.4
0.8
3.0
0.3
1.4
0.9
3.6
0.3
briquettes or 500 to 2500
1.4
0.8
2.9
0.3
1.4
0.9
3.5
0.3
pellets from km
stemwood
2500 to
1.4
0.8
4.4
0.3
1.4
0.9
5.3
0.3
(case 3a)
10000 km
Above
1.4
0.8
8.2
0.3
1.4
0.9
9.8
0.3
10000 km
Wood
1 to 500 km
0.0
14.3
2.8
0.3
0.0
17.2
3.3
0.3
briquettes or 500 to 2500
0.0
14.3
2.7
0.3
0.0
17.2
3.2
0.3
pellets from km
wood
2500 to
0.0
14.3
4.2
0.3
0.0
17.2
5.0
0.3
industry
10000 km
residues
Above
0.0
14.3
7.7
0.3
0.0
17.2
9.2
0.3
10000 km
(case 1)
Wood
1 to 500 km
0.0
6.0
2.8
0.3
0.0
7.2
3.4
0.3
briquettes or 500 to 2500
0.0
6.0
2.7
0.3
0.0
7.2
3.3
0.3
pellets from km
wood
2500 to
0.0
6.0
4.2
0.3
0.0
7.2
5.1
0.3
industry
10000 km
residues
Above
0.0
6.0
7.8
0.3
0.0
7.2
9.3
0.3
10000 km
(case 2a)
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Wood
1 to 500 km
0.0
0.2
2.8
0.3
0.0
0.3
3.4
0.3
briquettes or
500 to 2500
0.0
0.2
2.7
0.3
0.0
0.3
3.3
0.3
pellets from
km
wood
2500 to
0.0
0.2
4.2
0.3
0.0
0.3
5.1
0.3
industry
10000 km
residues
Above
0.0
0.2
7.8
0.3
0.0
0.3
9.3
0.3
10000 km
(case 3a)
Agriculture pathways
Biomass
Greenhouse gas emissions – typical value (g
Greenhouse gas emissions – default value (g CO 2 eq/
fuel
Transport
CO 2 eq/MJ)
production
distance
MJ)
system
Non-
Non-
Transport
CO 2 emissions
Transport & CO 2 emissions
Cultivation Processing
&
Cultivation Processing
distribution from the fuel
from the fuel
distribution
in use
in use
Agricultural 1 to 500 km
0.0
0.9
2.6
0.2
0.0
1.1
3.1
0.3
Residues
500 to 2500
0.0
0.9
6.5
0.2
0.0
1.1
7.8
0.3
with density km
2500 to
0.0
0.9
14.2
0.2
0.0
1.1
17.0
0.3
< 0.2 t/m 3
10000 km
Above
0.0
0.9
28.3
0.2
0.0
1.1
34.0
0.3
10000 km
Agricultural 1 to 500 km
0.0
0.9
2.6
0.2
0.0
1.1
3.1
0.3
Residues
500 to 2500
0.0
0.9
3.6
0.2
0.0
1.1
4.4
0.3
with density km
2500 to
0.0
0.9
7.1
0.2
0.0
1.1
8.5
0.3
> 0.2 t/m 3
10000 km
Above
0.0
0.9
13.6
0.2
0.0
1.1
16.3
0.3
10000 km
Straw pellets 1 to 500 km
0.0
5.0
3.0
0.2
0.0
6.0
3.6
0.3
500 to
0.0
5.0
4.6
0.2
0.0
6.0
5.5
0.3
10000 km
Above
0.0
5.0
8.3
0.2
0.0
6.0
10.0
0.3
10000 km
Bagasse
500 to
0.0
0.3
4.3
0.4
0.0
0.4
5.2
0.5
briquettes
10000 km
Above
0.0
0.3
8.0
0.4
0.0
0.4
9.5
0.5
10000 km
Palm Kernel Above
21.6
21.1
11.2
0.2
21.6
25.4
13.5
0.3
Meal
10 000 km
Palm Kernel Above
21.6
3.5
11.2
0.2
21.6
4.2
13.5
0.3
Meal (no
10000 km
CH 4 emissio
ns from oil
mill)
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Disaggregated default values for biogas for the production of electricity
TYPICAL VALUE [g CO 2 eq/MJ]
DEFAULT VALUE [g CO 2 eq/MJ]
Biomass fuel
Non-
Non-
production
Technology
CO 2 emissions
CO 2 emission
Manure
Cultivati
Manure
Cultivation Processing
Transport
Processing
Transport
system
credits
on
credits
from the fuel in
s from the
use
fuel in use
Wet
case 1 Open
0.0
69.6
8.9
0.8
– 107.3
0.0
(1)
Energy from biofuels, bioliquids and biomass
fuels shall be taken into account for the purposes referred to in
paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of this sub-regulation only if they fulfil the
sustainability and the greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria laid
down in sub-regulations (6) to (13)
(a)
contributing towards the Union target set in
Article 3(1) of the Directive and the renewable energy share of
Malta as its contribution thereto;
(b)
measuring compliance with renewable energy
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
obligations;
(c)
eligibility for financial support for
the
consumption of biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels.
(2)
Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels which are
produced from waste and residues, other than agricultural,
aquaculture, fisheries and forestry residues, are required to fulfil only
the greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria laid down in sub-
regulations (12) and (13) in order to be taken into account for the
purposes referred to in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation
(1)
Provided that this sub-regulation shall also apply to
waste and residues that are first processed into a product before being
further processed into biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels.
(3)
Electricity, heating and cooling produced from municipal
solid waste shall not be subject to the greenhouse gas emissions saving
criteria laid down in sub-regulations (12) and (13).
(4)
Biomass fuels shall fulfil the sustainability and
greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria laid down in sub-regulations
(6) to (13) if used in installations producing electricity, heating and
cooling or fuels with a total rated thermal input equal to or exceeding
twenty megawatts (20MW) in the case of solid biomass fuels, and with
a total rated thermal input equal to or exceeding two megawatts
(2MW) in the case of gaseous biomass fuels
Provided that the Minister may require that the
sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria be
applicable to installations with lower total rated thermal input.
(5)
The sustainability and the greenhouse gas emissions
saving criteria laid down in sub-regulations (6) to (13) shall apply
irrespective of the geographical origin of the biomass.
(6)
Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from
waste and residues derived not from forestry but from agricultural land
shall not be taken into account for the purposes referred to in
paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1) unless either the
operators or the national authorities of the country in which they are
produced have monitoring or management plans in place in order to
address the impacts on soil quality and soil carbon, and the
information about how those impacts are monitored and managed is
being reported pursuant to Article 30(3) of the Directive.
(7)
Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from
agricultural biomass taken into account for the purposes referred to in
paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1) shall not be made from
raw material obtained from land with a high biodiversity value,
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
namely land that had one of the following statuses in or after January
2008, whether or not the land continues to have that status
(a)
primary forest and other wooded land, namely
forest and other wooded land of native species, where there is
no clearly visible indication of human activity and the
ecological processes are not significantly disturbed; or
(b)
highly biodiverse forest and other wooded land
which is species-rich and not degraded, or has been identified
as being highly biodiverse by the relevant competent authority,
unless evidence is provided that the production of that raw
material did not interfere with those nature protection purposes;
or
(c)
areas designated
(i)
by law or by the relevant competent
authority for nature protection purposes; or
(ii)
for the protection of rare, threatened or
endangered ecosystems or species recognised by
international agreements or included in lists drawn up by
intergovernmental organisations or the International
Union for the Conservation of Nature, subject to their
recognition in accordance with the first sub-paragraph of
Article 30(4) of the Directive;
unless evidence is provided that the production of
that raw material did not interfere with those nature
protection purposes;
or
(d)
highly biodiverse grassland spanning more than
one hectare that is
(i)
natural, namely grassland that would
remain grassland in the absence of human intervention
and that maintains the natural species composition and
ecological characteristics and processes; or
(ii) non-natural, namely grassland that would
cease to be grassland in the absence of human
intervention and that is species-rich and not degraded and
has been identified as being highly biodiverse by the
relevant competent authority, unless evidence is provided
that the harvesting of the raw material is necessary to
preserve its status as highly biodiverse grassland.
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
(8)
Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from
agricultural biomass taken into account for the purposes referred to in
paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1) shall not be made from
raw material obtained from land with high-carbon stock, namely land
that had one of the following statuses in January 2008 and no longer
has that status
(a)
wetlands, namely land that is covered with or
saturated by water permanently or for a significant part of the
year;or
(b)
continuously forested areas, namely land spanning
more than one hectare with trees higher than five metres and a
canopy cover of more than thirty per cent (30%), or trees able to
reach those thresholds in situ; or
(c)
land spanning more than one hectare with trees
higher than five (5) metres and a canopy cover of between ten
and thirty per cent (10% - 30%), or trees able to reach those
thresholds in situ, unless evidence is provided that the carbon
stock of the area before and after conversion is such that, when
the methodology laid down in Part C of the First Schedule is
applied, the conditions laid down in sub-regulations (12) and
(13) would be fulfilled
Provided that this sub-regulation shall not apply
if, at the time the raw material was obtained, the land had the
same status as it had in January 2008.
(9)
Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from
agricultural biomass taken into account for the purposes referred to in
paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1) shall not be made from
raw material obtained from land that was peatland in January 2008,
unless evidence is provided that the cultivation and harvesting of that
raw material does not involve drainage of previously undrained soil.
(10) Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from
forest biomass taken into account for the purposes referred to in
paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1) shall meet the
following criteria to minimise the risk of using forest biomass derived
from unsustainable production
(a)
the country in which forest biomass was harvested
has national or sub-national laws applicable in the area of
harvest as well as monitoring and enforcement systems in place
ensuring
(i)
the legality of harvesting operations;
(ii)
forest regeneration of harvested areas;
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
(iii) that areas designated by international or
national law or by the relevant competent authority for
nature protection purposes, including in wetlands and
peatlands, are protected;
(iv) that harvesting is carried out considering
maintenance of soil quality and biodiversity with the aim
of minimising negative impacts; and
(v)
that harvesting maintains or improves the
long-term production capacity of the forest; and
(b)
when the evidence referred to in paragraph (a) of
this sub-regulation is not available, the biofuels, bioliquids and
biomass fuels produced from forest biomass shall be taken into
account for the purposes referred to in paragraphs (a), (b) and
(c) of sub-regulation (1) if management systems are in place at
forest sourcing area level ensuring
(i)
the legality of harvesting operations;
(ii)
forest regeneration of harvested areas;
(iii) that areas designated by international or
national law or by the relevant competent authority for
nature protection purposes, including in wetlands and
peatlands, are protected unless evidence is provided that
the harvesting of that raw material does not interfere with
those nature protection purposes;
(iv) that harvesting is carried out considering
the maintenance of soil quality and biodiversity with the
aim of minimising negative impacts; and
(v)
that harvesting maintains or improves the
long-term production capacity of the forest.
(11) Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from
forest biomass taken into account for the purposes referred to in
paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1) shall meet the
following land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) criteria
(a)
the country or regional economic integration
organisation of origin of the forest biomass is a Party to the
Paris Agreement and
(i)
it has submitted a nationally determined
contribution (NDC) to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), covering
emissions and removals from agriculture, forestry and
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
land use which ensures that changes in carbon stock
associated with biomass harvest are accounted towards
the country's commitment to reduce or limit greenhouse
gas emissions as specified in the nationally determined
contribution; or
(ii)
it has national or sub-national laws in
place, in accordance with Article 5 of the Paris
Agreement, applicable in the area of harvest, to conserve
and enhance carbon stocks and sinks, and providing
evidence that reported LULUCF-sector emissions do not
exceed removals;
(b)
where the evidence referred to in paragraph (a) of
this sub-regulation is not available, the biofuels, bioliquids and
biomass fuels produced from forest biomass shall be taken into
account for the purposes referred to in paragraphs (a), (b) and
(c) of sub-regulation (1) if management systems are in place at
forest sourcing area level to ensure that carbon stocks and sinks
levels in the forest are maintained, or strengthened over the
long term.
(12) The greenhouse gas emission savings from the use of
biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels taken into account for the
purposes referred to in sub-regulation (1) shall be
(a)
at least fifty per cent (50%) for biofuels, biogas
consumed in the transport sector, and bioliquids produced in
installations in operation on or before 5 th October 2015;
(b)
at least sixty per cent (60%) for biofuels, biogas
consumed in the transport sector, and bioliquids produced in
installations starting operation from 6 October 2015 until 31 st
December 2020;
(c)
at least sixty-five per cent (65%) for biofuels,
biogas consumed in the transport sector, and bioliquids
produced in installations starting operation from 1 st January
2021;
(d)
at least seventy per cent (70%) for electricity,
heating and cooling production from biomass fuels used in
installations starting operation from 1 st January 2021 until 31 st
December 2025, and eighty per cent (80%) for installations
starting operation from 1 st January 2026
Provided that an installation shall be considered to be in
operation once the physical production of biofuels, biogas consumed
in the transport sector and bioliquids, and the physical production of
heating and cooling and electricity from biomass fuels has started.
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
(13) The greenhouse gas emission savings from the use of
biofuels, biogas consumed in the transport sector, bioliquids and
biomass fuels used in installations producing heating, cooling and
electricity shall be calculated in accordance with sub-regulation (1) of
regulation 5.
(14) Electricity from biomass fuels shall be taken into account
for the purposes referred to in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-
regulation (1) only if it meets one or more of the following
requirements
(a)
it is produced in installations with a total rated
thermal input below fifty megawatts (50MW);
(b)
for installations with a total rated thermal input
from fifty to one hundred megawatts (50 to 100MW), it is
produced applying high-efficiency cogeneration technology, or,
for electricity-only installations, meeting an energy efficiency
level associated with the best available techniques (BAT-
AEELs) as defined in Commission Implementing Decision
(EU) 2017/1442;
(c)
for installations with a total rated thermal input
above one hundred megawatts (100MW), it is produced
applying high-efficiency cogeneration technology, or, for
electricity-only installations, achieving a net-electrical
efficiency of at least thirty-six per cent (36%);
(d)
it is produced applying Biomass CO 2 Capture and
Storage
Provided that for the purposes of paragraphs (a), (b) and
(c) of sub-regulation (1), electricity-only-installations shall be taken
into account only if they do not use fossil fuels as a main fuel and only
if there is no cost-effective potential for the application of high-
efficiency cogeneration technology according to the assessment
carried out in accordance with the Energy Efficiency Regulations.
(15)
Sub-regulation (14) shall
(a)
apply only to installations starting operation or
converted to the use of biomass fuels after 25 th December 2021
for the purposes of paragraphs (a) and (b) of sub-regulation (1);
(b)
be without prejudice to support granted under
support schemes in accordance with regulation 4 of the
Promotion of Energy from Renewable Sources Regulations
approved by 25 December 2021 for the purposes of paragraph
(c) of sub-regulation (1);
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
(c)
not apply to electricity from installations which
are the object of a specific notification to the Commission
based on the duly substantiated existence of risks for the
security of supply of electricity
Provided that the Minister may apply higher energy
efficiency requirements to installations with lower rated thermal input.
(16) For the purposes referred to in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c)
of sub-regulation (1), and without prejudice to regulations 27 and 28
of the Promotion of Energy from Renewable Sources Regulations, the
Regulator shall not refuse to take into account, on other sustainability
grounds, biofuels and bioliquids obtained in compliance with this
regulation, provided that this sub-regulation shall be without prejudice
to public support granted under support schemes approved before 24 th
December 2018.
(17) For the purposes referred to in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c)
of sub-regulation (1), the Minister may establish additional
sustainability criteria for biomass fuels.
Part A
PROVISIONAL ESTIMATED INDIRECT LAND-USE CHANGE EMISSIONS FROM
BIOFUEL, BIOLIQUID AND BIOMASS FUEL FEEDSTOCK (g CO 2 eq/MJ) ( Note 1 )
Interpercentile range derived
Mean ( 1 )
Feedstock group
from the sensitivity analysis ( 2 )
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Cereals and other
8 to 16
starch-rich crops
Sugars
4 to 17
Oil crops
33 to 66
( )The mean values included here represent a weighted average of the individually modelled
feedstock values.
( 2 ) The range included here reflects 90% of the results using the fifth and ninety-fifth percentile
values resulting from the analysis. The fifth percentile suggests a value below which 5% of the
observations were found (namely, 5% of total data used showed results below 8, 4, and 33g
CO 2 eq/MJ). The ninety-fifth percentile suggests a value below which 95% of the observations
were found (namely, 5% of total data used showed results above 16, 17, and 66g CO 2 eq/MJ).
Part B
BIOFUELS, BIOLIQUIDS AND BIOMASS FUELS FOR WHICH THE ESTIMATED
INDIRECT LAND-USE CHANGE EMISSIONS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE ZERO
Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from the following feedstock
categories will be considered to have estimated indirect land-use change emissions of
zero
(1)
feedstocks which are not listed under Part A of this Schedule.
(2)
feedstocks, the production of which has led to direct land-use change,
namely, a change from one of the following IPCC land cover categories: forest land,
grassland, wetlands, settlements, or other land, to cropland or perennial cropland ( Note 2 ).
In such a case a direct land-use change emission value (e l ) should have been calculated
in accordance with item 7 of Part C of the First Schedule.
Notes to this Schedule
(Note 1) The mean values reported here represent a weighted average of the
individually modelled feedstock values. The magnitude of the values in the Annex is
sensitive to the range of assumptions (such as treatment of co-products, yield
developments, carbon stocks and displacement of other commodities) used in the
economic models developed for their estimation. Although it is therefore not possible to
fully characterise the uncertainty range associated with such estimates, a sensitivity
analysis conducted on the results based on a random variation of key parameters, a so-
called Monte Carlo analysis, was conducted.
(Note 2) Perennial crops are defined as multi-annual crops, the stem of which is
usually not annually harvested such as short rotation coppice and oil palm.
(1)
Where biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels, or
other fuels that are eligible for counting towards the amount of energy
from renewable sources consumed in the transport sector for the
purposes of calculating the share of renewable energy within the final
consumption of energy in the transport sector are to be taken into
account for the purposes of calculating the share of renewable energy
in heating and cooling and for the purpose of calculating the share of
renewable energy in the transport sector, and for the purpose referred
to in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1) of regulation 3,
economic operators are required to show that the sustainability and
greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria laid down in sub-regulations
(6) to (13) of regulation 3 have been fulfilled, and for this purpose
economic operators are required to use a mass balance system which
(a)
allows consignments of raw material or fuels with
differing sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions saving
characteristics to be mixed for instance in a container,
processing or logistical facility, transmission and distribution
infrastructure or site;
(b)
allows consignments of raw material with
differing energy content to be mixed for the purposes of further
processing, provided that the size of consignments is adjusted
according to their energy content;
(c)
requires information about the sustainability and
greenhouse gas emissions saving characteristics and sizes of the
consignments referred to in paragraph (a) to remain assigned to
the mixture; and
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
(d)
provides for the sum of all consignments
withdrawn from the mixture to be described as having the same
sustainability characteristics, in the same quantities, as the sum
of all consignments added to the mixture and requires that this
balance be achieved over an appropriate period of time.
(2)
The mass balance system referred to in sub-regulation (1)
shall ensure that each consignment is counted only once when
calculating the gross final consumption of electricity from renewable
sources, the gross final consumption of energy from renewable sources
in the heating and cooling sector and the final consumption of energy
from renewable sources in the transport sector for the purposes of
calculating the gross final consumption of energy from renewable
sources, and shall include information on whether support has been
provided for the production of that consignment, and if so, on the type
of support scheme.
(3)
Where a consignment is processed, information on the
sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions saving characteristics of
the consignment shall be adjusted and assigned to the output in
accordance with the following rules
(a)
when the processing of a consignment of raw
material yields only one output that is intended for the
production of biofuels, bioliquids or biomass fuels, renewable
liquid and gaseous transport fuels of non-biological origin, or
recycled carbon fuels, the size of the consignment and the
related quantities of sustainability and greenhouse gas
emissions saving characteristics shall be adjusted applying a
conversion factor representing the ratio between the mass of the
output that is intended for such production and the mass of the
raw material entering the process;
(b)
when the processing of a consignment of raw
material yields more than one output that is intended for the
production of biofuels, bioliquids or biomass fuels, renewable
liquid and gaseous transport fuels of non-biological origin, or
recycled carbon fuels, for each output a separate conversion
factor shall be applied and a separate mass balance shall be
used.
(4)
Economic operators shall submit reliable information to
the Regulator regarding the compliance with the greenhouse gas
emissions savings thresholds from the use of renewable liquid and
gaseous transport fuels of non-biological origin of at least seventy per
cent (70%) from the 1st of January 2021 and with the sustainability
and greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria laid down in sub-
regulations (6) to (13) of regulation 3, and said economic operators
shall make available to the Regulator when so requested, and to any
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
competent authority within any relevant Member State, as the case
may be, upon request, the data that were used to develop the
information.
(5)
Economic operators shall arrange for an adequate
standard of independent auditing of the information submitted, and
shall provide to the Regulator evidence that this has been done. In
order to comply with paragraph (a) of sub-regulation (10) of regulation
3, and paragraph (a) of sub-regulation (11) of regulation 3, the first or
second party auditing may be used up to the first gathering point of the
forest biomass.
(6)
The auditing referred to in sub-regulation (5) shall verify
that the systems used by economic operators are accurate, reliable and
protected against fraud, including verification ensuring that materials
are not intentionally modified or discarded so that the consignment or
part thereof could become a waste or residue. It shall evaluate the
frequency and methodology of sampling and the robustness of the
data.
(7)
The auditing referred to in sub-regulation (5) is to be
complied with as follows
(a)
Economic operators who are producers of
biofuels, bioliquids or biomass fuels, renewable liquid and
gaseous transport fuels of non-biological origin, or recycled
carbon fuels shall ensure that auditing and verification is to be
compiled
(i)
under voluntary national or international
schemes approved by the Commission; or
(ii)
under national schemes which the Minister
may choose to set up pursuant to sub- regulation (10);
and
(b)
Economic operators importing biofuels, bioliquids
or biomass fuels, renewable liquid and gaseous transport fuels
of non-biological origin, or recycled carbon fuels shall ensure
that such auditing and verification is to be compiled
(i)
under voluntary national or international
schemes approved by the Commission; or
(ii)
under national schemes approved by
Member States of the European Union which comply
with the sustainability criteria contained in the Directive.
(8)
The obligations laid down in sub-regulations (4) to (7)
shall apply regardless of whether the biofuels, bioliquids, biomass
fuels, renewable liquid and gaseous transport fuels of non-biological
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
origin, or recycled carbon fuels are produced within the Union or are
imported. Information about the geographic origin and feedstock type
of biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels per fuel supplier shall be
made available to consumers on the websites of operators, suppliers or
the relevant competent authorities and shall be updated on an annual
basis.
(9)
The Regulator shall submit to the Minister, in aggregated
form, the information referred to in sub-regulation (4), and such
information shall be published in summary form preserving the
confidentiality of commercially sensitive information. The Minister
shall submit to the Commission, in aggregated form, the information
referred to in sub-regulation (4).
(10) The Minister may set up national schemes where
compliance with the following is verified, through the involvement of
competent national authorities, throughout the entire chain of custody
(a)
the sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions
saving criteria laid down in sub-regulations (6) to (13) of
regulation 3; and
(b)
the greenhouse gas emissions savings thresholds
for renewable liquid and gaseous transport fuels of non-
biological origin and recycled carbon fuels of at least seventy
per cent (70%) from the 1 st of January 2021
Provided that the Minister may furthermore notify such
national schemes to the Commission.
(11) Where an economic operator provides evidence or data
obtained in accordance with a voluntary, national or international
scheme that has been the subject of a decision of the Commission, to
the extent covered by that decision, the Regulator shall not require the
supplier to provide further evidence of compliance with the
sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria laid down
in sub-regulations (6) to (13) of regulation 3.
(1)
For the purposes of sub-regulations (12) and (13)
of regulation 3, the greenhouse gas emissions saving from the use of
biofuel, bioliquids and biomass fuels shall be calculated in one of the
following ways
(a)
where a default value for greenhouse gas
emissions saving for the production pathway is laid down in
Part A or B of the First Schedule for biofuels and bioliquids and
in Part A of the Second Schedule for biomass fuels where the el
value for those biofuels or bioliquids calculated in accordance
with item 7 of Part C of the First Schedule and for those
biomass fuels calculated in accordance with item 7 of Part B of
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
the Second Schedule is equal to or less than zero, by using that
default value;
(b)
by using an actual value calculated in accordance
with the methodology laid down in Part C of the First Schedule
for biofuels and bioliquids and in Part B of the Second
Schedule for biomass fuels;
(c)
by using a value calculated as the sum of the
factors of the formulas referred to in item 1 of Part C of the
First Schedule, where disaggregated default values in Part D or
E of the First Schedule may be used for some factors, and actual
values, calculated in accordance with the methodology laid
down in Part C of the First Schedule, are used for all other
factors;
(d)
by using a value calculated as the sum of the
factors of the formulas referred to in item 1 of Part B of the
Second Schedule, where disaggregated default values in Part C
of the Second Schedule may be used for some factors, and
actual values, calculated in accordance with the methodology
laid down in Part B of the Second Schedule, are used for all
other factors.
(2)
The Minister may submit to the Commission reports
including information on the typical greenhouse gas emissions from
the cultivation of agricultural raw materials of the areas classified as
level 2 in the nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (NUTS) or
as a more disaggregated NUTS level in accordance with Regulation
(EC) No 1059/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council.
Those reports shall be accompanied by a description of the method and
data sources used to calculate the level of emissions. That method
shall take into account soil characteristics, climate and expected raw
material yields.
(1)
The Regulator may impose an administrative
penalty upon any person who infringes any provision of these
regulations or who fails to comply with any directive or decision given
by the Regulator in ensuring compliance with these regulations.
(2)
An administrative penalty imposed under sub-regulation
(1) shall not exceed one hundred thousand euro (€100,000).
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use
change, e l , shall be calculated by dividing total emissions equally over twenty (20) years.
For the calculation of those emissions, the following rule shall be applied
e l = (CS R – CS A ) × 3.664 × 1/20 × 1/P – e B , ( Note 4 )
where
e l
= annualised greenhouse gas emissions from carbon stock change due to land-use change
(measured as mass (grams) of CO 2 -equivalent per unit of biofuel or bioliquid energy
(megajoules)). "Cropland" ( 1 )
and "perennial cropland" ( 2 )
shall be regarded as one land use;
CS R
= the carbon stock per unit area associated with the reference land-use (measured as mass
(tonnes) of carbon per unit area, including both soil and vegetation). The reference land-
use shall be the land-use in January 2008 or twenty (20) years before the raw material was
obtained, whichever was the later;
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
CS A
= the carbon stock per unit area associated with the actual land-use (measured as mass
(tonnes) of carbon per unit area, including both soil and vegetation). In cases where the
carbon stock accumulates over more than one year, the value attributed to CS A shall be
the estimated stock per unit area after twenty (20) years or when the crop reaches
maturity, whichever the earlier;
P
= the productivity of the crop (measured as biofuel or bioliquid energy per unit area per
year) and
e B
= bonus of 29 g CO 2 eq/MJ biofuel or bioliquid if biomass is obtained from restored
degraded land under the conditions laid down in item 8.
( 1 )
Cropland as defined by IPCC.
( 2 ) Perennial crops are defined as multi-annual crops, the stem of which is usually not annually
harvested such as short rotation coppice and oil palm.
The bonus of 29g CO 2 eq/MJ shall be attributed if evidence is provided that
the land
(a)
was not in use for agriculture or any other activity in January 2008;
and
(b)
is severely degraded land, including such land that was formerly in
agricultural use.
The bonus of 29g CO 2 eq/MJ shall apply for a period of up to twenty (20) years
from the date of conversion of the land to agricultural use, provided that a steady
increase in carbon stocks as well as a sizable reduction in erosion phenomena for land
falling under (b) are ensured.
"Severely degraded land" means land that, for a significant period of time,
has either been significantly salinated or presented significantly low organic matter
content and has been severely eroded.
The Commission shall review, by 31 December 2020, guidelines for the
calculation of land carbon stocks ( Note 5 ) drawing on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories – volume 4 and in accordance with Regulation
(EU) No 525/2013 and Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the
Council ( Note 6 ). The Commission guidelines shall serve as the basis for the calculation
of land carbon stocks for the purposes of the Directive.
Emissions from processing, e p , shall include emissions from the processing
itself; from waste and leakages; and from the production of chemicals or products used
in processing including the CO 2 emissions corresponding to the carbon contents of fossil
inputs, whether or not actually combusted in the process.
In accounting for the consumption of electricity not produced within the fuel
production plant, the greenhouse gas emissions intensity of the production and
distribution of that electricity shall be assumed to be equal to the average emission
intensity of the production and distribution of electricity in a defined region. By way
of derogation from this rule, producers may use an average value for an individual
electricity production plant for electricity produced by that plant, if that plant is not
connected to the electricity grid.
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Emissions from processing shall include emissions from drying of interim products
and materials where relevant.
Emissions from transport and distribution, e td , shall include emissions from
the transport of raw and semi-finished materials and from the storage and distribution of
finished materials. Emissions from transport and distribution to be taken into account
under item 5 shall not be covered by this item.
Emissions of the fuel in use, e u , shall be taken to be zero for biofuels and
bioliquids.
Emissions of non-CO 2 greenhouse gases (N 2 O and CH 4 ) of the fuel in use shall be
included in the e u factor for bioliquids.
Emission savings from CO 2 capture and geological storage, e ccs , that have
not already been accounted for in e p , shall be limited to emissions avoided through the
capture and storage of emitted CO 2 directly related to the extraction, transport,
processing and distribution of fuel if stored in compliance with Directive 2009/31/EC of
the European Parliament and of the Council ( Note 7 ).
Emission savings from CO 2 capture and replacement, e ccr , shall be related
directly to the production of biofuel or bioliquid they are attributed to, and shall be
limited to emissions avoided through the capture of CO 2 of which the carbon originates
from biomass and which is used to replace fossil-derived CO 2 in production of
commercial products and services.
Where a cogeneration unit – providing heat and/or electricity to a fuel
production process for which emissions are being calculated – produces excess
electricity and/or excess useful heat, the greenhouse gas emissions shall be divided
between the electricity and the useful heat according to the temperature of the heat
(which reflects the usefulness (utility) of the heat). The useful part of the heat is found by
multiplying its energy content with the Carnot efficiency, C h , calculated as follows
where
T h = Temperature, measured in absolute temperature (kelvin) of the useful heat at
point of delivery.
T 0 = Temperature of surroundings, set at 273.15 kelvin (equal to 0°C)
If the excess heat is exported for heating of buildings, at a temperature below
150°C (423.15 kelvin), C h can alternatively be defined as follows
C h = Carnot efficiency in heat at 150°C (423.15 kelvin), which is: 0.3546
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
For the purposes of that calculation, the actual efficiencies shall be used, defined
as the annual mechanical energy, electricity and heat produced respectively divided by
the annual energy input.
For the purposes of that calculation, the following definitions apply
(a)
"cogeneration" shall mean the simultaneous generation in one
process of thermal energy and electrical and/or mechanical energy;
(b)
"useful heat" shall mean heat generated to satisfy an economical
justifiable demand for heat, for heating or cooling purposes;
(c)
"economically justifiable demand" shall mean the demand that does
not exceed the needs for heat or cooling and which would otherwise be satisfied at
market conditions.
Where a fuel production process produces, in combination, the fuel for
which emissions are being calculated and one or more other products (co-products),
greenhouse gas emissions shall be divided between the fuel or its intermediate product
and the co-products in proportion to their energy content (determined by lower heating
value in the case of co-products other than electricity and heat). The greenhouse gas
intensity of excess useful heat or excess electricity is the same as the greenhouse gas
intensity of heat or electricity delivered to the fuel production process and is determined
from calculating the greenhouse intensity of all inputs and emissions, including the
feedstock and CH 4 and N 2 O emissions, to and from the cogeneration unit, boiler or other
apparatus delivering heat or electricity to the fuel production process. In the case of
cogeneration of electricity and heat, the calculation is performed following item 16.
For the purposes of the calculation referred to in item 17, the emissions to
be divided shall be e ec + e l + e sca + those fractions of e p , e td , e ccs , and e ccr that take place
up to and including the process step at which a co-product is produced. If any allocation
to co-products has taken place at an earlier process step in the life-cycle, the fraction of
those emissions assigned in the last such process step to the intermediate fuel product
shall be used for those purposes instead of the total of those emissions.
In the case of biofuels and bioliquids, all co-products shall be taken into account
for the purposes of that calculation. No emissions shall be allocated to wastes and
residues. Co-products that have a negative energy content shall be considered to have an
energy content of zero for the purposes of the calculation.
Wastes and residues, including tree tops and branches, straw, husks, cobs and nut
shells, and residues from processing, including crude glycerine (glycerine that is not
refined) and bagasse, shall be considered to have zero life-cycle greenhouse gas
emissions up to the process of collection of those materials irrespectively of whether
they are processed to interim products before being transformed into the final product.
In the case of fuels produced in refineries, other than the combination of
processing plants with boilers or cogeneration units providing heat and/or electricity to
the processing plant, the unit of analysis for the purposes of the calculation referred to in
item 17 shall be the refinery.
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
For biofuels, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in item 3, the
fossil fuel comparator E F(t) shall be 94g CO 2 eq/MJ.
For bioliquids used for the production of electricity, for the purposes of the
calculation referred to in item 3, the fossil fuel comparator EC F(e) shall be 183g CO 2 eq/
MJ.
For bioliquids used for the production of useful heat, as well as for the production
of heating and/or cooling, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in item 3, the
fossil fuel comparator EC F(h&c) shall be 80g CO 2 eq/MJ.
Notes to Part C of this Schedule
(Note 1) Heat or waste heat is used to generate cooling (chilled air or water)
through absorption chillers. Therefore, it is appropriate to calculate only the emissions
associated to the heat produced per MJ of heat, irrespectively if the end-use of the heat is
actual heating or cooling via absorption chillers.
(Note 2) The formula for calculating greenhouse gas emissions from the
extraction or cultivation of raw materials e ec describes cases where feedstock is
converted into biofuels in one step. For more complex supply chains, adjustments are
needed for calculating greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction or cultivation of
raw materials e ec for intermediate products.
(Note 3) Measurements of soil carbon can constitute such evidence, e.g. by a first
measurement in advance of the cultivation and subsequent ones at regular intervals
several years apart. In such a case, before the second measurement is available, increase
in soil carbon would be estimated on the basis of representative experiments or soil
models. From the second measurement onwards, the measurements would constitute the
basis for determining the existence of an increase in soil carbon and its magnitude.
(Note 4) The quotient obtained by dividing the molecular weight of CO 2 (44.010
g/mol) by the molecular weight of carbon (12.011 g/mol) is equal to 3.664.
(Note 5) Commission Decision 2010/335/EU of 10 June 2010 on guidelines for
the calculation of land carbon stocks for the purpose of Annex V to Directive 2009/28/
EC (OJL 151, 17.6.2010, p.19).
(Note 6) Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 30 May 2018 on the inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions and removals
from land use, land use change and forestry in the 2030 climate and energy framework,
and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 and Decision No 529/2013/EU (OJL 156,
19.6.2018, p.1).
(Note 7) Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of
23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide and amending Council
Directive 85/337/EEC, European Parliament and Council Directives 2000/60/EC, 2001/
80/EC, 2004/35/EC, 2006/12/EC, 2008/1/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 (OJL
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
140, 5.6.2009, p.114).
Part D
DISAGGREGATED DEFAULT VALUES FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOLIQUIDS
Disaggregated default values for cultivation: "e ec " as defined in Part C of this
Schedule, including soil N 2 O emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions Greenhouse gas emissions
Biofuel and bioliquid
– typical value
– default value
production pathway
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol
9.6
9.6
corn (maize) ethanol
5
25.5
other cereals excluding corn
0
27.0
(maize) ethanol
sugar cane ethanol
17.1
17.1
the part from renewable
Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
sources of ETBE
the part from renewable
Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
sources of TAEE
rape seed biodiesel
0
32.0
sunflower biodiesel
26.1
26.1
soybean biodiesel
21.2
21.2
palm oil biodiesel
26.0
26.0
waste cooking oil biodiesel
animal fats from rendering
biodiesel ( *1 )
hydrotreated vegetable oil
4
33.4
from rape seed
hydrotreated vegetable oil
26.9
26.9
from sunflower
hydrotreated vegetable oil
22.1
22.1
from soybean
hydrotreated vegetable oil
27.3
27.3
from palm oil
hydrotreated oil from waste
cooking oil
hydrotreated oil from animal
fats from rendering ( *1 )
pure vegetable oil from rape
33.4
33.4
seed
pure vegetable oil from
27.2
27.2
sunflower
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
pure vegetable oil from
22.2
22.2
soybean
pure vegetable oil from palm
27.1
27.1
oil
pure oil from waste cooking
oil
( *1 ) Applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as category 1
and 2 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for which emissions
related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.
Disaggregated default values for cultivation: "e ec " – for soil N 2 O emissions only
(these are already included in the disaggregated values for cultivation emissions in the
"e ec " table)
Greenhouse gas emissions Greenhouse gas emissions
Biofuel and bioliquid
– typical value
– default value
production pathway
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol
4.9
4.9
corn (maize) ethanol
13.7
13.7
other cereals excluding corn
14.1
14.1
(maize) ethanol
sugar cane ethanol
2.1
2.1
the part from renewable sources
Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
of ETBE
the part from renewable sources
Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
of TAEE
rape seed biodiesel
17.6
17.6
sunflower biodiesel
12.2
12.2
soybean biodiesel
13.4
13.4
palm oil biodiesel
16.5
16.5
waste cooking oil biodiesel
animal fats from rendering
biodiesel ( *1 )
hydrotreated vegetable oil from
18.0
18.0
rape seed
hydrotreated vegetable oil from
12.5
12.5
sunflower
hydrotreated vegetable oil from
13.7
13.7
soybean
hydrotreated vegetable oil from
16.9
16.9
palm oil
hydrotreated oil from waste
cooking oil
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
hydrotreated oil from animal
fats from rendering ( *1 )
pure vegetable oil from rape
17.6
17.6
seed
pure vegetable oil from
12.2
12.2
sunflower
pure vegetable oil from soybean
13.4
13.4
pure vegetable oil from palm oil
16.5
16.5
pure oil from waste cooking oil
( *1 ) Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as
category 1 and 2 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for which
emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.
Disaggregated default values for processing: "e p " as defined in Part C of this
Schedule
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
emissions –
emissions – default
Biofuel and bioliquid production
typical value
value
pathway
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
18.8
26.3
natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from
9.7
13.6
slop, natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
13.2
18.5
natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from
7.6
10.6
slop, natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
27.4
3
*1
lignite as process fuel in CHP plant ( ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from
15.7
22.0
slop, lignite as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as
20.8
29.1
process fuel in conventional boiler)
corn (maize) ethanol, (natural gas as
14.8
20.8
*1
process fuel in CHP plant ( ))
corn (maize) ethanol (lignite as process
28.6
1
fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
corn (maize) ethanol (forest residues as
1.8
2.6
process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
21.0
29.3
(natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
15.1
21.1
(natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
30.3
5
(lignite as process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
1.5
2.2
(forest residues as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar cane ethanol
1.3
1.8
the part from renewable sources of ETBE Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway
used
the part from renewable sources of TAEE Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway
used
rape seed biodiesel
11.7
16.3
sunflower biodiesel
11.8
16.5
soybean biodiesel
12.1
16.9
palm oil biodiesel (open effluent pond)
30.4
42.6
palm oil biodiesel (process with methane
13.2
18.5
capture at oil mill)
waste cooking oil biodiesel
9.3
13.0
*2
13.6
19.1
animal fats from rendering biodiesel ( )
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed
10.7
15.0
hydrotreated vegetable oil from
10.5
14.7
sunflower
hydrotreated vegetable oil from soybean
10.9
15.2
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil
27.8
38.9
(open effluent pond)
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil
9.7
13.6
(process with methane capture at oil mill)
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil
10.2
14.3
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from
14.5
20.3
rendering ( *2 )
pure vegetable oil from rape seed
3.7
5.2
pure vegetable oil from sunflower
3.8
5.4
pure vegetable oil from soybean
4.2
5.9
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (open
22.6
31.7
effluent pond)
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (process
4.7
6.5
with methane capture at oil mill)
pure oil from waste cooking oil
0.6
0.8
( *1 ) Default values for processes using CHP are valid only if all the process heat is
supplied by CHP.
( *2 ) Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as
category 1 and 2 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for which
emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.
Disaggregated default values for oil extraction only (these are already included in
the disaggregated values for processing emissions in the "e p " table)
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
emissions –
emissions – default
Biofuel and bioliquid production
typical value
value
pathway
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
rape seed biodiesel
3.0
4.2
sunflower biodiesel
2.9
4.0
soybean biodiesel
3.2
4.4
palm oil biodiesel (open effluent pond)
20.9
29.2
palm oil biodiesel (process with
3.7
5.1
methane capture at oil mill)
waste cooking oil biodiesel
animal fats from rendering
4.3
6.1
biodiesel ( *1 )
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape
3.1
4.4
seed
hydrotreated vegetable oil from
3.0
4.1
sunflower
hydrotreated vegetable oil from
3.3
4.6
soybean
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm
21.9
30.7
oil (open effluent pond)
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm
3.8
5.4
oil (process with methane capture at oil
mill)
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from
4.3
6.0
rendering ( *1 )
pure vegetable oil from rape seed
3.1
4.4
pure vegetable oil from sunflower
3.0
4.2
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
pure vegetable oil from soybean
3.4
4.7
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (open
21.8
30.5
effluent pond)
pure vegetable oil from palm oil
3.8
5.3
(process with methane capture at oil
mill)
pure oil from waste cooking oil
( *1 )
Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as
category 1 and 2 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for which
emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.
Disaggregated default values for transport and distribution: "e td " as defined in Part
C of this Schedule
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
emissions –
emissions – default
Biofuel and bioliquid production
typical value
value
pathway
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
2.3
2.3
natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop,
2.3
2.3
natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
2.3
2.3
natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop,
2.3
2.3
natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
2.3
2.3
*1
lignite as process fuel in CHP plant ( ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop,
2.3
2.3
lignite as process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as
2.2
2.2
process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as
2.2
2.2
process fuel in conventional boiler)
corn (maize) ethanol (lignite as process
2.2
2.2
fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (forest residues as
2.2
2.2
*1
process fuel in CHP plant ( ))
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
2.2
2.2
(natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
2.2
2.2
(natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
2.2
2.2
(lignite as process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
2.2
2.2
(forest residues as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar cane ethanol
9.7
9.7
the part from renewable sources of ETBE Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway
used
the part from renewable sources of TAEE Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway
used
rape seed biodiesel
1.8
1.8
sunflower biodiesel
2.1
2.1
soybean biodiesel
8.9
8.9
palm oil biodiesel (open effluent pond)
6.9
6.9
palm oil biodiesel (process with methane
6.9
6.9
capture at oil mill)
waste cooking oil biodiesel
1.9
1.9
animal fats from rendering biodiesel ( *1 )
1.6
1.6
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed
1.7
1.7
hydrotreated vegetable oil from
2.0
2.0
sunflower
hydrotreated vegetable oil from soybean
9.2
9.2
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil
7.0
7.0
(open effluent pond)
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil
7.0
7.0
(process with methane capture at oil mill)
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil
1.7
1.7
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from
1.5
1.5
rendering ( *2 )
pure vegetable oil from rape seed
1.4
1.4
pure vegetable oil from sunflower
1.7
1.7
pure vegetable oil from soybean
8.8
8.8
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (open
6.7
6.7
effluent pond)
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (process
6.7
6.7
with methane capture at oil mill)
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
pure oil from waste cooking oil
1.4
1.4
*1
( ) Default values for processes using CHP are valid only if all the process heat is
supplied by CHP.
( *2 ) Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as
category 1 and 2 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for which
emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.
Disaggregated default values for transport and distribution of final fuel only.
These are already included in the table of "transport and distribution emissions e td " as
defined in Part C of this Schedule, but the following values are useful if an economic
operator wishes to declare actual transport emissions for crops or oil transport only).
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
emissions –
emissions – default
Biofuel and bioliquid production
typical value
value
pathway
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
1.6
1.6
natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop,
1.6
1.6
natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
1.6
1.6
natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop,
1.6
1.6
natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
1.6
1.6
*1
lignite as process fuel in CHP plant ( ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop,
1.6
1.6
*1
lignite as process fuel in CHP plant ( ))
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as
1.6
1.6
process fuel in conventional boiler)
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as
1.6
1.6
process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (lignite as process
1.6
1.6
*1
fuel in CHP plant ( ))
corn (maize) ethanol (forest residues as
1.6
1.6
*1
process fuel in CHP plant ( ))
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
1.6
1.6
(natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
1.6
1.6
(natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
1.6
1.6
(lignite as process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
1.6
1.6
(forest residues as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar cane ethanol
6.0
6.0
the part of ethyl-tertio-butyl-ether
Will be considered to be equal to that of the
(ETBE) from renewable ethanol
ethanol production pathway used
the part of tertiary-amyl-ethyl-ether
Will be considered to be equal to that of the
(TAEE) from renewable ethanol
ethanol production pathway used
rape seed biodiesel
1.3
1.3
sunflower biodiesel
1.3
1.3
soybean biodiesel
1.3
1.3
palm oil biodiesel (open effluent pond)
1.3
1.3
palm oil biodiesel (process with methane
1.3
1.3
capture at oil mill)
waste cooking oil biodiesel
1.3
1.3
animal fats from rendering biodiesel ( *2 )
1.3
1.3
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed
1.2
1.2
hydrotreated vegetable oil from
1.2
1.2
sunflower
hydrotreated vegetable oil from soybean
1.2
1.2
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil
1.2
1.2
(open effluent pond)
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil
1.2
1.2
(process with methane capture at oil mill)
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil
1.2
1.2
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from
1.2
1.2
rendering ( *2 )
pure vegetable oil from rape seed
0.8
0.8
pure vegetable oil from sunflower
0.8
0.8
pure vegetable oil from soybean
0.8
0.8
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (open
0.8
0.8
effluent pond)
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (process
0.8
0.8
with methane capture at oil mill)
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
pure oil from waste cooking oil
0.8
0.8
*1
( ) Default values for processes using CHP are valid only if all the process heat is
supplied by CHP.
( *2 ) Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as
category 1 and 2 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for which
emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.
Total for cultivation, processing, transport and distribution
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
emissions –
emissions – default
Biofuel and bioliquid production
typical value
value
pathway
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
30.7
38.2
natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop,
21.6
25.5
natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
25.1
30.4
natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop,
19.5
22.5
natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
39.3
2
*1
lignite as process fuel in CHP plant ( ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop,
27.6
33.9
*1
lignite as process fuel in CHP plant ( ))
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as
48.5
8
process fuel in conventional boiler)
corn (maize) ethanol, (natural gas as
42.5
48.5
process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (lignite as process
56.3
8
*1
fuel in CHP plant ( ))
corn (maize) ethanol (forest residues as
29.5
30.3
*1
process fuel in CHP plant ( ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
50.2
58.5
(natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
44.3
50.3
(natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
59.5
7
(lignite as process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
30.7
31.4
(forest residues as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 )
sugar cane ethanol
28.1
28.6
the part from renewable sources of ETBE Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway
used
the part from renewable sources of TAEE Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway
used
rape seed biodiesel
45.5
50.1
sunflower biodiesel
40.0
44.7
soybean biodiesel
42.2
47.0
palm oil biodiesel (open effluent pond)
63.3
5
palm oil biodiesel (process with methane
46.1
51.4
capture at oil mill)
waste cooking oil biodiesel
11.2
14.9
*1
15.2
20.7
animals fats from rendering biodiesel ( )
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed
45.8
50.1
hydrotreated vegetable oil from
39.4
43.6
sunflower
hydrotreated vegetable oil from soybean
42.2
46.5
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil
62.1
73.2
(open effluent pond)
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil
44.0
47.9
(process with methane capture at oil mill)
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil
11.9
16.0
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from
16.0
21.8
rendering ( *2 )
pure vegetable oil from rape seed
38.5
40.0
pure vegetable oil from sunflower
32.7
34.3
pure vegetable oil from soybean
35.2
36.9
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (open
56.4
65.5
effluent pond)
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (process
38.5
40.3
with methane capture at oil mill)
pure oil from waste cooking oil
2.0
2.2
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
( *1 ) Default values for processes using CHP are valid only if all the process heat is
supplied by CHP.
( *2 ) Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as
category 1 and 2 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for which
emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.
Part E
ESTIMATED DISAGGREGATED DEFAULT VALUES FOR FUTURE BIOFUELS
AND BIOLIQUIDS THAT WERE NOT ON THE MARKET OR WERE ONLY ON
THE MARKET IN NEGLIGIBLE QUANTITIES IN 2016
Disaggregated default values for cultivation: "e ec " as defined in Part C of this
Schedule, including N 2 O emissions (including chipping of waste or farmed wood)
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
emissions –
emissions – default
Biofuel and bioliquid production
typical value
value
pathway
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol
1.8
1.8
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in
3.3
3.3
free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in
8.2
8.2
free-standing plant
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in
3.3
3.3
free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in
8.2
8.2
free-standing plant
waste wood dimethylether (DME) in
3.1
3.1
free-standing plant
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in
7.6
7.6
free-standing plant
waste wood methanol in free-standing
3.1
3.1
plant
farmed wood methanol in free-standing
7.6
7.6
plant
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-
2.5
2.5
liquor gasification integrated with pulp
mill
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-
2.5
2.5
liquor gasification integrated with pulp
mill
dimethylether (DME) from black-liquor
2.5
2.5
gasification integrated with pulp mill
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Methanol from black-liquor
2.5
2.5
gasification integrated with pulp mill
the part from renewable sources of
Equal to that of the methanol production
MTBE
pathway used
Disaggregated default values for soil N 2 O emissions (included in disaggregated
default values for cultivation emissions in the "e ec " table)
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
emissions –
emissions – default
Biofuel and bioliquid production
typical value
value
pathway
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in
free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel
4.4
4.4
in free-standing plant
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in
free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol
4.4
4.4
in free-standing plant
waste wood dimethylether (DME) in
free-standing plant
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in
4.1
4.1
free-standing plant
waste wood methanol in free-standing
plant
farmed wood methanol in free-
4.1
4.1
standing plant
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
dimethylether (DME) from black-
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
Methanol from black-liquor
gasification integrated with pulp mill
the part from renewable sources of
Equal to that of the methanol production
MTBE
pathway used
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Disaggregated default values for processing: "e p " as defined in Part C of this
Schedule
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
emissions –
emissions – default
Biofuel and bioliquid production
typical value
value
pathway
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol
4.8
6.8
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in
0.1
0.1
free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in
0.1
0.1
free-standing plant
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in
0.1
0.1
free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in
0.1
0.1
free-standing plant
waste wood dimethylether (DME) in
free-standing plant
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in
free-standing plant
waste wood methanol in free-standing
plant
farmed wood methanol in free-standing
plant
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-
liquor gasification integrated with pulp
mill
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-
liquor gasification integrated with pulp
mill
dimethylether (DME) from black-liquor
gasification integrated with pulp mill
methanol from black-liquor gasification
integrated with pulp mill
the part from renewable sources of
Equal to that of the methanol production
MTBE
pathway used
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Disaggregated default values for transport and distribution: "e td " as defined in Part
C of this Schedule
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
emissions –
emissions – default
Biofuel and bioliquid production
typical value
value
pathway
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol
7.1
7.1
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in
12.2
12.2
free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel
8.4
8.4
in free-standing plant
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in
12.2
12.2
free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol
8.4
8.4
in free-standing plant
waste wood dimethylether (DME) in
12.1
12.1
free-standing plant
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in
8.6
8.6
free-standing plant
waste wood methanol in free-standing
12.1
12.1
plant
farmed wood methanol in free-
8.6
8.6
standing plant
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-
7.7
7.7
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-
7.9
7.9
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
dimethylether (DME) from black-
7.7
7.7
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
methanol from black-liquor
7.9
7.9
gasification integrated with pulp mill
the part from renewable sources of
Equal to that of the methanol production pathway
MTBE
used
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Disaggregated default values for transport and distribution of final fuel only.
These are already included in the table of "transport and distribution emissions e td " as
defined in Part C of this Schedule, but the following values are useful if an economic
operator wishes to declare actual transport emissions for feedstock transport only).
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
emissions –
emissions – default
Biofuel and bioliquid production
typical value
value
pathway
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol
1.6
1.6
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in
1.2
1.2
free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in
1.2
1.2
free-standing plant
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in
1.2
1.2
free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in
1.2
1.2
free-standing plant
waste wood dimethylether (DME) in
2.0
2.0
free-standing plant
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in
2.0
2.0
free-standing plant
waste wood methanol in free-standing
2.0
2.0
plant
farmed wood methanol in free-standing
2.0
2.0
plant
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-
2.0
2.0
liquor gasification integrated with pulp
mill
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-
2.0
2.0
liquor gasification integrated with pulp
mill
dimethylether (DME) from black-liquor
2.0
2.0
gasification integrated with pulp mill
methanol from black-liquor gasification
2.0
2.0
integrated with pulp mill
the part from renewable sources of
Equal to that of the methanol production
MTBE
pathway used
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Total for cultivation, processing, transport and distribution
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
emissions –
emissions – default
Biofuel and bioliquid production
typical value
value
pathway
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol
13.7
15.7
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in
15.6
15.6
free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in
16.7
16.7
free-standing plant
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in
15.6
15.6
free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in
16.7
16.7
free-standing plant
waste wood dimethylether (DME) in
15.2
15.2
free-standing plant
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in
16.2
16.2
free-standing plant
waste wood methanol in free-standing
15.2
15.2
plant
farmed wood methanol in free-standing
16.2
16.2
plant
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-
10.2
10.2
liquor gasification integrated with pulp
mill
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-
10.4
10.4
liquor gasification integrated with pulp
mill
dimethylether (DME) from black-liquor
10.2
10.2
gasification integrated with pulp mill
methanol from black-liquor gasification
10.4
10.4
integrated with pulp mill
the part from renewable sources of Equal to that of the methanol production
MTBE
pathway used
4
12.5
0.8
– 107.3
manure (
digestate
1 )
Close
0.0
0.0
8.9
0.8
– 97.6
0.0
0.0
12.5
0.8
– 97.6
digestate
case 2 Open
0.0
74.1
8.9
0.8
– 107.3
0.0
7
12.5
0.8
– 107.3
digestate
Close
0.0
4.2
8.9
0.8
– 97.6
0.0
5.9
12.5
0.8
– 97.6
digestate
case 3 Open
0.0
83.2
8.9
0.9
– 120.7
0.0
4
12.5
0.9
– 120.7
digestate
Close
0.0
4.6
8.9
0.8
– 108.5
0.0
6.4
12.5
0.8
– 108.5
digestate
Maize
case 1 Open
15.6
13.5
8.9
0.0 ( 3 )
—
15.6
18.9
12.5
0.0
—
whole
digestate
plant ( 2 )
Close
15.2
0.0
8.9
0.0
—
15.2
0.0
12.5
0.0
—
digestate
case 2 Open
15.6
18.8
8.9
0.0
—
15.6
26.3
12.5
0.0
—
digestate
Close
15.2
5.2
8.9
0.0
—
15.2
7.2
12.5
0.0
—
digestate
case 3 Open
17.5
21.0
8.9
0.0
—
17.5
29.3
12.5
0.0
—
digestate
Close
17.1
5.7
8.9
0.0
—
17.1
7.9
12.5
0.0
—
digestate
Biowaste case 1 Open
0.0
21.8
8.9
0.5
—
0.0
30.6
12.5
0.5
—
digestate
Close
0.0
0.0
8.9
0.5
—
0.0
0.0
12.5
0.5
—
digestate
case 2 Open
0.0
27.9
8.9
0.5
—
0.0
39.0
12.5
0.5
—
digestate
Close
0.0
5.9
8.9
0.5
—
0.0
8.3
12.5
0.5
—
digestate
case 3 Open
0.0
31.2
8.9
0.5
—
0.0
43.7
12.5
0.5
—
digestate
Close
0.0
6.5
8.9
0.5
—
0.0
9.1
12.5
0.5
—
digestate
( 1 ) The values for biogas production from manure include negative emissions for emissions saved from raw manure management. The value of e sca considered is
equal to – 45 g CO 2 eq/MJ manure used in anaerobic digestion.
( 2 ) Maize whole plant means maize harvested as fodder and ensiled for preservation.
( 3 ) Transport of agricultural raw materials to the transformation plant is, according to the methodology provided in the Commission's report of 25 February 2010
on sustainability requirements for the use of solid and gaseous biomass sources in electricity, heating and cooling, included in the "cultivation" value. The value for
transport of maize silage accounts for 0.4 g CO 2 eq/MJ biogas.
Disaggregated default values for biomethane
TYPICAL VALUE [g CO 2 eq/MJ]
DEFAULT VALUE [g CO 2 eq/MJ]
Biomethane
Compressi
Compres
Technological
production
Proces-
on at
Manure
Cultiv- Proces Upgrad Trans-
sion at Manure
option
Cultivation
Upgrading Transport
system
sing
filling
credits
ation -sing
ing
port
filling
credits
station
station
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Wet manure Open no off-
0.0
84.2
19.5
1.0
3.3
– 124.4
0.0
9
27.3
1.0
4.6
– 124.4
diges- gas
tate combu-
stion
off-gas
0.0
84.2
4.5
1.0
3.3
– 124.4
0.0
117.9
6.3
1.0
4.6
– 124.4
combus
tion
Close no off-
0.0
3.2
19.5
0.9
3.3
– 111.9
0.0
4.4
27.3
0.9
4.6
– 111.9
digest gas
ate
combus
tion
off-gas
0.0
3.2
4.5
0.9
3.3
– 111.9
0.0
4.4
6.3
0.9
4.6
– 111.9
combus
tion
Maize whole Open no off-
18.1
20.1
19.5
0.0
3.3
—
18.1
28.1
27.3
0.0
4.6
—
plant
digest gas
ate
combus
tion
off-gas
18.1
20.1
4.5
0.0
3.3
—
18.1
28.1
6.3
0.0
4.6
—
combus
tion
Close no off-
17.6
4.3
19.5
0.0
3.3
—
17.6
6.0
27.3
0.0
4.6
—
digest gas
ate
combus
tion
off-gas
17.6
4.3
4.5
0.0
3.3
—
17.6
6.0
6.3
0.0
4.6
—
combus
tion
Biowaste
Open no off-
0.0
30.6
19.5
0.6
3.3
—
0.0
42.8
27.3
0.6
4.6
—
digest gas
ate
combus
tion
off-gas
0.0
30.6
4.5
0.6
3.3
—
0.0
42.8
6.3
0.6
4.6
—
combus
tion
Close no off-
0.0
5.1
19.5
0.5
3.3
—
0.0
7.2
27.3
0.5
4.6
—
digest gas
ate
combus
tion
off-gas
0.0
5.1
4.5
0.5
3.3
—
0.0
7.2
6.3
0.5
4.6
—
combus
tion
Part D
TOTAL TYPICAL AND DEFAULT VALUES FOR BIOMASS FUEL PATHWAYS
Greenhouse gas emissions – Greenhouse gas emissions –
Transport
Biomass fuel production system
typical value (g CO 2 eq/MJ) default value (g CO 2 eq/MJ)
distance
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Woodchips from forest residues
1 to 500 km
500 to 2500
km
to
10000 km
Above 10000
km
Woodchips from short rotation
to
coppice (Eucalyptus)
10000 km
Woodchips from short rotation
1 to 500 km
coppice (Poplar – Fertilised)
500 to 2500
km
to
10000 km
Above 10000
km
Woodchips from short rotation
1 to 500 km
coppice (Poplar – No fertilisation) 500 to 2500
km
to
10000 km
Above
10 000 km
Woodchips from stemwood
1 to 500 km
500 to 2500
km
to
10000 km
Above 10000
km
Woodchips from industry residues 1 to 500 km
500 to 2500
km
to
10000 km
Above 10000
km
Wood briquettes or pellets from
1 to 500 km
forest residues (case 1)
500 to 2500
km
to
10000 km
Above 10000
km
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Wood briquettes or pellets from
1 to 500 km
forest residues (case 2a)
500 to 2500
km
to
10000 km
Above 10000
km
Wood briquettes or pellets from
1 to 500 km
forest residues (case 3a)
500 to 2500
km
to
10000 km
Above 10000
km
Wood briquettes or pellets from
to
short rotation coppice (Eucalyptus 10000 km
– case 1)
Wood briquettes or pellets from
to
short rotation coppice (Eucalyptus 10000 km
– case 2a)
Wood briquettes or pellets from
to
short rotation coppice (Eucalyptus 10000 km
– case 3a)
Wood briquettes or pellets from
1 to 500 km
short rotation coppice (Poplar –
500 to 10000
Fertilised – case 1)
km
Above 10000
km
Wood briquettes or pellets from
1 to 500 km
short rotation coppice (Poplar –
500 to 10000
Fertilised – case 2a)
km
Above 10000
km
Wood briquettes or pellets from
1 to 500 km
short rotation coppice (Poplar –
500 to 10000
Fertilised – case 3a)
km
Above 10000
km
Wood briquettes or pellets from
1 to 500 km
short rotation coppice (Poplar – no 500 to 10000
fertilisation – case 1)
km
Above 10000
km
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Wood briquettes or pellets from
1 to 500 km
short rotation coppice (Poplar – no 500 to 10000
fertilisation – case 2a)
km
Above 10000
km
Wood briquettes or pellets from
1 to 500 km
short rotation coppice (Poplar – no 500 to 10000
fertilisation – case 3a)
km
Above 10000
km
Wood briquettes or pellets from
1 to 500 km
stemwood (case 1)
500 to 2500
km
to
10000 km
Above 10000
km
Wood briquettes or pellets from
1 to 500 km
stemwood (case 2a)
500 to 2500
km
to
10000 km
Above 10000
km
Wood briquettes or pellets from
1 to 500 km
stemwood (case 3a)
500 to 2500
km
to
10000 km
Above 10000
km
Wood briquettes or pellets from
1 to 500 km
wood industry residues (case 1)
500 to 2500
km
to
10000 km
Above 10000
km
Wood briquettes or pellets from
1 to 500 km
wood industry residues (case 2a) 500 to 2500
km
to
10 000 km
Above 10000
km
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Wood briquettes or pellets from
1 to 500 km
wood industry residues (case 3a)
500 to 2500
km
to
10000
Above 10000
km
Case 1 refers to processes in which a Natural Gas boiler is used to provide the
process heat to the pellet mill. Process electricity is purchased from the grid.
Case 2a refers to processes in which a boiler fuelled with wood chips is used to
provide the process heat to the pellet mill. Process electricity is purchased from the grid.
Case 3a refers to processes in which a CHP, fuelled with wood chips, is used to
provide heat and electricity to the pellet mill.
Transport Greenhouse gas emissions – Greenhouse gas emissions –
Biomass fuel
typical value (g CO 2 eq/MJ) default value (g CO 2 eq/MJ)
production system
distance
Agricultural Residues
1 to 500 km
500 to 2500
with density
km
< 0.2 t/m 3 ( 1 )
2500 to
10000 km
Above
10000 km
Agricultural Residues
1 to 500 km
500 to 2500
with density > 0.2 t/m
km
2500 to
10000 km
Above
10000 km
Straw pellets
1 to 500 km
500 to
10000 km
Above
10000 km
Bagasse briquettes
500 to
10000 km
Above
10000 km
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Palm Kernel Meal
Above
10000 km
Palm Kernel Meal (no
Above
CH 4 emissions from oil 10000 km
mill)
( 1 ) This group of materials includes agricultural residues with a low bulk density and it comprises
materials such as straw bales, oat hulls, rice husks and sugar cane bagasse bales (not exhaustive list).
( 2 ) The group of agricultural residues with higher bulk density includes materials such as corn cobs,
nut shells, soybean hulls, palm kernel shells (not exhaustive list).
Typical and default values – biogas for electricity
Typical value
Default value
Greenhouse gas Greenhouse gas
Biogas production
Technological option
emissions
emissions
system
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Biogas for electricity from Case 1
Open digestate
– 28
wet manure
( )
Close digestate
– 88
– 84
( )
Case 2
Open digestate
– 23
Close digestate
– 84
– 78
Case 3
Open digestate
– 28
Close digestate
– 94
– 89
Biogas for electricity from Case 1
Open digestate
Close digestate
maize whole plant
Case 2
Open digestate
Close digestate
Case 3
Open digestate
Close digestate
Biogas for electricity from Case 1
Open digestate
Close digestate
biowaste
Case 2
Open digestate
Close digestate
Case 3
Open digestate
Close digestate
( 1 ) Open storage of digestate accounts for additional emissions of methane which change
with the weather, the substrate and the digestion efficiency. In these calculations the
amounts are taken to be equal to 0.05 MJ CH 4 /MJ biogas for manure, 0.035 MJ CH 4 /MJ
biogas for maize and 0.01 MJ CH 4 /MJ biogas for biowaste.
( 2 ) Close storage means that the digestate resulting from the digestion process is stored in a
gas tight tank and the additional biogas released during storage is considered to be
recovered for production of additional electricity or biomethane.
Typical and default values for biomethane
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
emissions –
emissions – default
Biomethane
Technological option
typical value
value
production system
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Biomethane
from Open digestate, no off-
– 20
wet manure
gas combustion ( )
Open digestate, off-
– 35
gas combustion ( 2 )
Close digestate, no
– 88
– 79
off-gas combustion
Close digestate, off-
– 103
– 100
gas combustion
Biomethane
from Open digestate, no off-
maize whole plant gas combustion
Open digestate, off-
gas combustion
Close digestate,
no
off-gas combustion
Close digestate, off-
gas combustion
Biomethane
from Open digestate, no off-
biowaste
gas combustion
Open digestate, off-
gas combustion
Close digestate,
no
off-gas combustion
Close digestate, off-
gas combustion
( 1 ) This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to
biomethane: Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA), Pressure Water Scrubbing (PWS),
Membranes, Cryogenic, and Organic Physical Scrubbing (OPS). It includes an emission of
0.03 MJ CH 4 /MJ biomethane for the emission of methane in the off-gases.
( 2 ) This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to
biomethane: Pressure Water Scrubbing (PWS) when water is recycled, Pressure Swing
Adsorption (PSA), Chemical Scrubbing, Organic Physical Scrubbing (OPS), Membranes
and Cryogenic upgrading. No methane emissions are considered for this category (the
methane in the off-gas is combusted, if any).
Typical and default values – biogas for electricity – mixtures of manure and
maize: greenhouse gas emissions with shares given on a fresh mass basis
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
Technological emissions – typical
emissions – default
Biogas production
value
value
system
options
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Manure – Case 1
Open digestate
Close digestate
– 12
– 9
Maize
Case 2
Open digestate
80% -
Close digestate
– 7
– 2
20%
Case 3
Open digestate
Close digestate
– 9
– 4
Manure – Case 1
Open digestate
Close digestate
Maize
Case 2
Open digestate
70% -
Close digestate
30%
Case 3
Open digestate
Close digestate
Manure – Case 1
Open digestate
Close digestate
Maize
Case 2
Open digestate
60% -
Close digestate
40%
Case 3
Open digestate
Close digestate
Comments
Case 1 refers to pathways in which electricity and heat required in the process are
supplied by the CHP engine itself.
Case 2 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the process is taken
from the grid and the process heat is supplied by the CHP engine itself. In some
Member States, operators are not allowed to claim the gross production for subsidies and
case 1 is the more likely configuration.
Case 3 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the process is taken
from the grid and the process heat is supplied by a biogas boiler. This case applies to
some installations in which the CHP engine is not on-site and biogas is sold (but not
upgraded to biomethane).
Typical and default values – biomethane - mixtures of manure and maize
greenhouse gas emissions with shares given on a fresh mass basis
Typical value Default value
Biomethane production
(g CO 2 eq/
(g CO 2 eq/
Technological options
system
MJ)
MJ)
(SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA)
Manure – Maize
Open digestate, no off-gas
combustion
80% - 20%
Open digestate, off-gas combustion
Close digestate, no off-gas
– 1
combustion
Close digestate, off-gas combustion
– 16
– 12
Manure – Maize
Open digestate, no off-gas
combustion
70% - 30%
Open digestate, off-gas combustion
Close digestate, no off-gas
combustion
Close digestate, off-gas combustion
– 2
Manure – Maize
Open digestate, no off-gas
combustion
60% - 40%
Open digestate, off-gas combustion
Close digestate, no off-gas
combustion
Close digestate, off-gas combustion
Where biomethane is used as Compressed Biomethane as a transport fuel, a value
of 3.3g CO 2 eq/MJ biomethane needs to be added to the typical values and a value of 4.6g
CO 2 eq/MJ biomethane to the default values.