MT
Regulations, 2026
Table of Provisions (42)
Statutory Text (42 Articles)
L.N. 95 of 2026
REGULATOR FOR ENERGY AND WATER SERVICES ACT
(CAP. 545)
Biofuels, Bioliquids and Biomass Fuels (Sustainability Criteria)
Regulations, 2026
IN EXERCISE of the powers conferred by article 37 of the
Regulator for Energy and Water Services Act, the Minister responsible
for energy and water services, after consultation with the Regulator for
Energy and Water Services, has made the following regulations:-
(1) The title of these regulations is the Biofuels,
Bioliquids and Biomass Fuels (Sustainability Criteria) Regulations,
2026. (2) These regulations transpose Articles 29 to 31 of Directive
(EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11
December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable
sources (recast).
(3) These regulations also partially transpose Article 1(1),
Articles 1(19) to (22) and Annex I (5) and Annex I (6) of Directive
(EU) 2023/2413 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18
October 2023 amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001, Regulation (EU)
2018/1999 and Directive 98/70/EC as regards the promotion of energy
from renewable sources, and repealing Council Directive (EU) 2015/
652.
(regulations 2, 3 and 6)
Rules for calculating the greenhouse gas impacts of biofuels, other bioliquids and their fossil fuel comparators
Part A.
TYPICAL AND DEFAULT VALUES FOR BIOFUELS IF PRODUCED WITH NO NET CARBON
EMISSIONS FROM LAND-USE CHANGE
Biofuel production pathway
Greenhouse gas emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions
saving – typical value
saving – default value
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, natural
67 %
59 %
gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop,
77 %
73 %
natural gas as process fuel in conventional
boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, natural
73 %
68 %
gas as process fuel in CHP plant (*))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop,
79 %
76 %
natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant (*))
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, lignite
58 %
47 %
as process fuel in CHP plant (*))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop,
71 %
64 %
lignite as process fuel in CHP plant (*))
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as process
48 %
40 %
fuel in conventional boiler)
corn (maize) ethanol, (natural gas as process
55 %
48 %
fuel in CHP plant (*))
corn (maize) ethanol (lignite as process fuel in
40 %
28 %
CHP plant (*))
corn (maize) ethanol (forest residues as process
69 %
68 %
fuel in CHP plant (*))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (natural
47 %
38 %
gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (natural
53 %
46 %
gas as process fuel in CHP plant (*))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (lignite
37 %
24 %
as process fuel in CHP plant (*))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (forest
67 %
67 %
residues as process fuel in CHP plant (*))
sugar cane ethanol
70 %
70 %
the part from renewable sources of ethyl-tertio-
Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
butyl-ether (ETBE)
the part from renewable sources of tertiary-
Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
amyl-ethyl-ether (TAEE)
rape seed biodiesel
52 %
47 %
sunflower biodiesel
57 %
52 %
soybean biodiesel
55 %
50 %
palm oil biodiesel (open effluent pond)
33 %
20 %
palm oil biodiesel (process with methane
51 %
45 %
capture at oil mill)
waste cooking oil biodiesel
88 %
84 %
animal fats from rendering biodiesel (**)
84 %
78 %
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed
51 %
47 %
hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower
58 %
54 %
hydrotreated vegetable oil from soybean
55 %
51 %
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (open
34 %
22 %
effluent pond)
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil
53 %
49 %
(process with methane capture at oil mill)
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil
87 %
83 %
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from
83 %
77 %
rendering (**)
pure vegetable oil from rape seed
59 %
57 %
pure vegetable oil from sunflower
65 %
64 %
pure vegetable oil from soybean
63 %
61 %
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (open effluent
40 %
30 %
pond)
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (process with
59 %
57 %
methane capture at oil mill)
pure oil from waste cooking oil
98 %
98 %
(*) Default values for processes using CHP are valid only if all the process heat is supplied by CHP.
(**) Applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as category 1 and 2 material in
accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council ( 1 ), for which
emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.
( 1 )
Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 laying down
health rules as regards animal by-products and derived products not intended for human consumption and
repealing Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002 (Animal by-products Regulation) (OJ L 300, 14.11.2009, p. 1).
Part B.
ESTIMATED TYPICAL AND DEFAULT VALUES FOR FUTURE BIOFUELS THAT WERE NOT ON THE
MARKET OR WERE ON THE MARKET ONLY IN NEGLIGIBLE QUANTITIES IN 2016, IF PRODUCED
WITH NO NET CARBON EMISSIONS FROM LAND-USE CHANGE
Biofuel production pathway
Greenhouse gas emissions Greenhouse gas emissions
saving - typical value
saving - default value
wheat straw ethanol
85 %
83 %
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-
83 %
83 %
standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-
82 %
82 %
standing plant
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-
83 %
83 %
standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-
82 %
82 %
standing plant
waste wood dimethylether (DME) in free-
84 %
84 %
standing plant
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in free-
83 %
83 %
standing plant
waste wood methanol in free-standing plant
84 %
84 %
farmed wood methanol in free-standing
83 %
83 %
plant
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-liquor
89 %
89 %
gasification integrated with pulp mill
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-liquor
89 %
89 %
gasification integrated with pulp mill
dimethylether (DME) from black-liquor
89 %
89 %
gasification integrated with pulp mill
Methanol from black-liquor gasification
89 %
89 %
integrated with pulp mill
the part from renewable sources of methyl-
Equal to that of the methanol production pathway used
tertio-butyl-ether (MTBE)
Part C.
METHODOLOGY
1. Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of transport fuels, biofuels and bioliquids shall be
calculated as follows
(a)
greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of biofuels shall be calculated as
E = e ec + e l + e p + e td + e u – e sca – e ccs – e ccr ,
where
E = total emissions from the use of the fuel;
e ec = emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials;
e l = annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use change;
e p = emissions from processing;
e td = emissions from transport and distribution;
e u = emissions from the fuel in use;
e sca = emission savings from soil carbon accumulation via improved agricultural management;
e ccs = emission savings from CO 2 capture and geological storage; and
e ccr = emission savings from CO 2 capture and replacement.
Emissions from the manufacture of machinery and equipment shall not be taken into account.
(b) Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of bioliquids shall be calculated as for biofuels
(E), but with the extension necessary for including the energy conversion to electricity and/or heat and
cooling produced, as follows
(i)
For energy installations delivering only heat
𝐸
𝐸𝐶 ℎ =
η ℎ
(ii)
For energy installations delivering only electricity
𝐸
𝐸𝐶 𝑒𝑙 =
η 𝑒𝑙
Where
EC h,el = Total greenhouse gas emissions from the final energy commodity.
E = Total greenhouse gas emissions of the bioliquid before end-conversion
η el = The electrical efficiency, defined as the annual electricity produced divided by the annual bioliquid input
based on its energy content
η h = The heat efficiency, defined as the annual useful heat output divided by the annual bioliquid input based on
its energy content.
(iii)
For the electricity or mechanical energy coming from energy installations delivering
useful heat together with electricity and/or mechanical energy
𝐸
𝐶 𝑒𝑙 . η 𝑒𝑙
𝐸𝐶 𝑒𝑙 =
(
)
(iv)
For the useful heat coming from energy installations delivering heat together with
electricity and/or mechanical energy
𝐸
𝐸𝐶 ℎ =
(
)
where
EC h,el
= Total greenhouse gas emissions from the final energy commodity.
E = Total greenhouse gas emissions of the bioliquid before end-conversion.
η el = The electrical efficiency, defined as the annual electricity produced divided by the annual fuel input based on
its energy content.
η h = The heat efficiency, defined as the annual useful heat output divided by the annual fuel input based on its
energy content.
C el = Fraction of exergy in the electricity, and/or mechanical energy, set to 100 % (C el = 1).
C h = Carnot efficiency (fraction of exergy in the useful heat).
The Carnot efficiency, C h , for useful heat at different temperatures is defined as
𝐶 ℎ =
𝑇 ℎ
where
T h = Temperature, measured in absolute temperature (kelvin) of the useful heat at point of delivery.
T 0 = Temperature of surroundings, set at 273.15 kelvin (equal to 0 °C)
If the excess heat is exported for heating of buildings, at a temperature below 150 °C (423.15 kelvin), C h can
alternatively be defined as follows
C h = Carnot efficiency in heat at 150 °C (423.15 kelvin), which is: 0.3546
For the purposes of that calculation, the following definitions apply
(a) ‘cogeneration’ means the simultaneous generation in one process of thermal energy and electricity and/or
mechanical energy;
(b) ‘useful heat’ means heat generated to satisfy an economical justifiable demand for heat, for heating and cooling
purposes;
(c) ‘economically justifiable demand’ means the demand that does not exceed the needs for heat or cooling and
which would otherwise be satisfied at market conditions.
2. Greenhouse gas emissions from biofuels and bioliquids shall be expressed as follows
(a) greenhouse gas emissions from biofuels, E, shall be expressed in terms of grams of CO 2 equivalent
per MJ of fuel, g CO 2 eq/MJ.
(b) greenhouse gas emissions from bioliquids, EC, in terms of grams of CO 2 equivalent per MJ of final
energy commodity (heat or electricity), g CO 2 eq/MJ.
When heating and cooling are co-generated with electricity, emissions shall be allocated between heat and
electricity (as under 1(b)), irrespective if the heat is used for actual heating purposes or for cooling ( Note 1 ).
Where the greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials e ec are expressed in unit g
CO 2 eq/dry-ton of feedstock, the conversion to grams of CO 2 equivalent per MJ of fuel, g CO 2 eq/MJ, shall be
calculated as follows ( Note 2 )
𝑔𝐶𝑂 2 𝑒𝑞
𝑒 𝑒𝑐 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 a [
]
𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑦
𝑔𝐶𝑂 2 𝑒𝑞
𝑒 𝑒𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 a [
] =
× 𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 a × 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 a
𝑀𝐽 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘
𝑀𝐽𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑐
𝐿𝐻𝑉 a [
]
𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘
where
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 a = [
]
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 + 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠
Fuel feedstock factor a = [Ratio of MJ feedstock required to make 1MJ fuel]
Emissions per dry-ton feedstock shall be calculated as follows
𝑔𝐶𝑂 𝑒𝑞
𝑒 𝑒𝑐 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 a [ 𝑡 2 ]
𝑔𝐶𝑂 2 𝑒𝑞
𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡
𝑒 𝑒𝑐 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 a [
]=
(1 − 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡)
𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑦
3. Greenhouse gas emissions savings from biofuels and bioliquids shall be calculated as follows
(a) greenhouse gas emissions savings from biofuels
SAVING = (E F(t) – E B )/E F(t) ,
where
E B = total emissions from the biofuel; and
E F(t) = total emissions from the fossil fuel comparator for transport
(b) greenhouse gas emissions savings from heat and cooling, and electricity being generated from
bioliquids
SAVING = (EC F(h&c,el) – EC B(h&c,el) )/EC F(h&c,el) ,
where
EC B(h&c,el) = total emissions from the heat or electricity; and
EC F(h&c,el) = total emissions from the fossil fuel comparator for useful heat or electricity.
4. The greenhouse gases taken into account for the purposes of item 1 shall be CO 2 , N 2 O and CH 4 . For the purposes
of calculating CO 2 equivalence, those gases shall be valued as follows
CO 2 : 1
N 2 O : 298
CH 4 : 25
5. Emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials, e ec , shall include emissions from the extraction
or cultivation process itself; from the collection, drying and storage of raw materials; from waste and leakages;
and from the production of chemicals or products used in extraction or cultivation. Capture of CO 2 in the
cultivation of raw materials shall be excluded. Estimates of emissions from agriculture biomass cultivation may
be derived from the use of regional averages for cultivation emissions included in the reports referred to in
Article 31(4) of the Directive or the information on the disaggregated default values for cultivation emissions
included in this Schedule, as an alternative to using actual values. In the absence of relevant information in those
reports it is allowed to calculate averages based on local farming practises based for instance on data of a group
of farms, as an alternative to using actual values.
6. For the purposes of the calculation referred to in item 1(a), greenhouse gas emissions savings from improved
agriculture management, esca, such as shifting to reduced or zero-tillage, improved crops and crop rotation, the
use of cover crops, including crop residue management, and the use of organic soil improver, such as compost
and manure fermentation digestate, shall be taken into account only if they do not risk to negatively affect
biodiversity. Further, solid and verifiable evidence shall be provided that the soil carbon has increased or that it is
reasonable to expect to have increased over the period in which the raw materials concerned were cultivated while
taking into account the emissions where such practices lead to increased fertiliser and herbicide use. ( Note 3 ).
7. Annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use change, e l , shall be calculated by dividing
total emissions equally over twenty (20) years. For the calculation of those emissions, the following rule shall be
applied
e l = (CS R – CS A ) × 3.664 × 1/20 × 1/P – e B , ( Note 4 )
where
e l
= annualised greenhouse gas emissions from carbon stock change due to land-use change (measured as mass
(grams) of CO 2 -equivalent per unit of biofuel or bioliquid energy (megajoules)). ‘Cropland’ ( 1 ) and
‘perennial cropland’ ( 2 ) shall be regarded as one land use;
CS R = the carbon stock per unit area associated with the reference land-use (measured as mass (tonnes) of carbon
per unit area, including both soil and vegetation). The reference land-use shall be the land-use in January
2008 or twenty (20) years before the raw material was obtained, whichever was the later;
CS A = the carbon stock per unit area associated with the actual land-use (measured as mass (tonnes) of carbon
per unit area, including both soil and vegetation). In cases where the carbon stock accumulates over more
than one year, the value attributed to CS A shall be the estimated stock per unit area after twenty (20) years
or when the crop reaches maturity, whichever the earlier;
P
= the productivity of the crop (measured as biofuel or bioliquid energy per unit area per year) and
e B
= bonus of 29 g CO 2 eq/MJ biofuel or bioliquid if biomass is obtained from restored degraded land under
the conditions laid down in item 8.
( 1 ) Cropland as defined by IPCC.
( 2 ) Perennial crops are defined as multi-annual crops, the stem of which is usually not annually harvested such
as short rotation coppice and oil palm.
8. The bonus of 29 g CO 2 eq/MJ shall be attributed if evidence is provided that the land
(a) was not in use for agriculture or any other activity in January 2008; and
(b) is severely degraded land, including such land that was formerly in agricultural use.
The bonus of 29 g CO 2 eq/MJ shall apply for a period of up to twenty (20) years from the date of conversion of
the land to agricultural use, provided that a steady increase in carbon stocks as well as a sizable reduction in
erosion phenomena for land falling under (b) are ensured.
9. ‘Severely degraded land’ means land that, for a significant period of time, has either been significantly salinated
or presented significantly low organic matter content and has been severely eroded.
(1) Unless otherwise required under these regulations,
the terms and words defined in the Regulator for Energy and Water
Services Act and in the Promotion of Energy from Renewable Sources
Regulations shall apply.
(2) For the purposes of these regulations, and unless the
context otherwise requires
"Act" means the Regulator for Energy and Water Services
Act;
"actual value" means the greenhouse gas emissions saving
for some or all of the steps of a specific biofuel, bioliquid or
biomass fuel production process, calculated in accordance with
the methodology established in Part C of the First Schedule or in
Part B of the Second Schedule;
"agricultural, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry residues"
means residues that are directly generated by agriculture,
aquaculture, fisheries and forestry and that do not include
residues from related industries or processing;
"agricultural biomass" means biomass produced from
agriculture;
"biowaste" means biodegradable garden and park waste,
food and kitchen waste from households, restaurants, caterers
and retail premises and comparable waste from food processing
plants;
"default value" means a value derived from a typical value
by the application of pre-determined factors and that may in
circumstances specified in these regulations, be used in place of
an actual value;
"Directive" means Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on
the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources
(recast), as amended from time to time;
"economic operator" means a producer of raw material, a
collector of waste and residues, an operator of installations
processing raw material into final fuels or intermediate products,
an operator of installations producing energy (electricity, heating
or cooling) or any other operator, including of storage facilities
or traders that are in physical possession of raw material or fuels,
provided that they process information on the sustainability and
greenhouse gas emissions saving characteristics of those raw
materials or fuels;
"energy" means all forms of available energy, including
electricity, heating, cooling, liquefied petroleum gas, any fuel
for heating and cooling, coal and transport fuels;
"energy content" means the lower calorific value of fuel;
"energy consumer" means a natural or legal person who
consumes or purchases energy for their own use and not for
wholesale or retail purposes;
"forest biomass" means biomass produced from forestry;
"forest regeneration" means the re-establishment of a forest
stand by natural or artificial means following the removal of the
previous stand by felling or as a result of natural causes,
including fire or storm;
"Minister" means the Minister responsible for energy
services;
"Regulation (EU) 2018/841" means Regulation (EU) 2018/
841 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May
2018 on the inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions and removals
from land use, land use change and forestry in the 2030 climate
and energy framework, and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/
2013 and Decision No 529/2013/EU;
"Regulator" means the Regulator for Energy and Water
Services as established by article 3 of the Act;
"plantation forest" means a planted forest that is intensively
managed and satisfies, at planting and stand maturity, all the
following criteria
(a) one (1) or two (2) species, even age class, and
regular spacing;
(b) it includes short rotation plantations for wood,
fibre and energy, and excludes forests planted for
protection or ecosystem restoration, as well as forests
established through planting or seeding, which at stand
maturity resemble or will resemble naturally regenerating
forests;
"sourcing area" means the geographically defined area
from which the forest biomass feedstock is sourced, from which
reliable and independent information is available and where
conditions are sufficiently homogeneous to evaluate the risk of
the sustainability and legality characteristics of the forest
biomass;
"typical value" means an estimate of the greenhouse gas
emissions and greenhouse gas emissions savings for a particular
biofuel, bioliquid or biomass fuel production pathway which is
representative of the Union consumption;
"Union database" means the database established by the
European Commission to enable the tracing of liquid and
gaseous renewable fuels and recycled carbon fuels.
(regulations 2,3 and 6)
Rules for calculating the greenhouse gas impact of biomass fuels and their fossil fuel comparators
Part A.
TYPICAL AND DEFAULT VALUES OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS SAVINGS FOR BIOMASS
FULELS IF PRODUCED WITH NO NET-CARBON EMISSIONS FROM LAND_USE CHANGE
WOODCHIPS
Biomass fuel production system
Transport distance
Greenhouse gas emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions
savings –typical value
savings – default value
Heat
Electricity
Heat
Electricity
Woodchips from forest residues
1 to 500 km
93 %
89 %
91 %
87 %
500 to 2 500 km
89 %
84 %
87 %
81 %
2 500 to 10 000 km
82 %
73 %
78 %
67 %
Above 10 000 km
67 %
51 %
60 %
41 %
Woodchips from short rotation coppice 2 500 to 10 000 km
77 %
65 %
73 %
60 %
(Eucalyptus)
Woodchips from short rotation coppice 1 to 500 km
89 %
83 %
87 %
81 %
(Poplar – Fertilised)
500 to 2 500 km
85 %
78 %
84 %
76 %
2 500 to 10 000 km
78 %
67 %
74 %
62 %
Above 10 000 km
63 %
45 %
57 %
35 %
Woodchips from short rotation coppice 1 to 500 km
91 %
87 %
90 %
85 %
(Poplar – No fertilisation)
500 to 2 500 km
88 %
82 %
86 %
79 %
2 500 to 10 000 km
80 %
70 %
77 %
65 %
Above 10 000 km
65 %
48 %
59 %
39 %
Woodchips from stemwood
1 to 500 km
93 %
89 %
92 %
88 %
500 to 2 500 km
90 %
85 %
88 %
82 %
2 500 to 10 000 km
82 %
73 %
79 %
68 %
Above 10 000 km
67 %
51 %
61 %
42 %
Woodchips from industry residues
1 to 500 km
94 %
92 %
93 %
90 %
500 to 2 500 km
91 %
87 %
90 %
85 %
2 500 to 10 000 km
83 %
75 %
80 %
71 %
Above 10 000 km
69 %
54 %
63 %
44 %
WOOD PELLETS ( *1 )
Biomass fuel production system
Transport distance
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
emissions savings – emissions savings –
typical value
default value
Heat Electricity
Heat Electricity
Wood briquettes or pellets from forest Case 1
1 to 500 km
58 %
37 %
49 %
24 %
residues
500 to 2 500 km
58 %
37 %
49 %
25 %
2 500 to 10 000 km
55 %
34 %
47 %
21 %
Above 10 000 km
50 %
26 %
40 %
11 %
Case 2a
1 to 500 km
77 %
66 %
72 %
59 %
500 to 2 500 km
77 %
66 %
72 %
59 %
2 500 to 10 000 km
75 %
62 %
70 %
55 %
Above 10 000 km
69 %
54 %
63 %
45 %
Case 3a
1 to 500 km
92 %
88 %
90 %
85 %
500 to 2 500 km
92 %
88 %
90 %
86 %
2 500 to 10 000 km
90 %
85 %
88 %
81 %
Above 10 000 km
84 %
76 %
81 %
72 %
Wood briquettes or pellets from short Case 1
2 500 to 10 000 km
52 %
28 %
43 %
15 %
rotation coppice (Eucalyptus)
Case 2a
2 500 to 10 000 km
70 %
56 %
66 %
49 %
Case 3a
2 500 to 10 000 km
85 %
78 %
83 %
75 %
Wood briquettes or pellets from short Case 1
1 to 500 km
54 %
32 %
46 %
20 %
rotation coppice (Poplar – Fertilised)
500 to 10 000 km
52 %
29 %
44 %
16 %
Above 10 000 km
47 %
21 %
37 %
7 %
Case 2a
1 to 500 km
73 %
60 %
69 %
54 %
500 to 10 000 km
71 %
57 %
67 %
50 %
Above 10 000 km
66 %
49 %
60 %
41 %
Case 3a
1 to 500 km
88 %
82 %
87 %
81 %
500 to 10 000 km
86 %
79 %
84 %
77 %
Above 10 000 km
80 %
71 %
78 %
67 %
Wood briquettes or pellets from short Case 1
1 to 500 km
56 %
35 %
48 %
23 %
rotation coppice (Poplar – No
500 to 10 000 km
54 %
32 %
46 %
20 %
fertilisation)
Above 10 000 km
49 %
24 %
40 %
10 %
Case 2a
1 to 500 km
76 %
64 %
72 %
58 %
500 to 10 000 km
74 %
61 %
69 %
54 %
Above 10 000 km
68 %
53 %
63 %
45 %
Case 3a
1 to 500 km
91 %
86 %
90 %
85 %
500 to 10 000 km
89 %
83 %
87 %
81 %
Above 10 000 km
83 %
75 %
81 %
71 %
Stemwood
Case 1
1 to 500 km
57 %
37 %
49 %
24 %
500 to 2 500 km
58 %
37 %
49 %
25 %
2 500 to 10 000 km
55 %
34 %
47 %
21 %
Above 10 000 km
50 %
26 %
40 %
11 %
Case 2a
1 to 500 km
77 %
66 %
73 %
60 %
500 to 2 500 km
77 %
66 %
73 %
60 %
2 500 to 10 000 km
75 %
63 %
70 %
56 %
Above 10 000 km
70 %
55 %
64 %
46 %
Case 3a
1 to 500 km
92 %
88 %
91 %
86 %
500 to 2 500 km
92 %
88 %
91 %
87 %
2 500 to 10 000 km
90 %
85 %
88 %
83 %
Above 10 000 km
84 %
77 %
82 %
73 %
Wood briquettes or pellets from wood Case 1
1 to 500 km
75 %
62 %
69 %
55 %
industry residues
500 to 2 500 km
75 %
62 %
70 %
55 %
2 500 to 10 000 km
72 %
59 %
67 %
51 %
Above 10 000 km
67 %
51 %
61 %
42 %
Case 2a
1 to 500 km
87 %
80 %
84 %
76 %
500 to 2 500 km
87 %
80 %
84 %
77 %
2 500 to 10 000 km
85 %
77 %
82 %
73 %
Above 10 000 km
79 %
69 %
75 %
63 %
Case 3a
1 to 500 km
95 %
93 %
94 %
91 %
500 to 2 500 km
95 %
93 %
94 %
92 %
2 500 to 10 000 km
93 %
90 %
92 %
88 %
Above 10 000 km
88 %
82 %
85 %
78 %
*1
( ) Case 1 refers to processes in which a natural gas boiler is used to provide the process heat to the pellet mill.
Electricity for the pellet mill is supplied from the grid;
Case 2a refers to processes in which a woodchips boiler, fed with pre-dried chips, is used to provide process heat.
Electricity for the pellet mill is supplied from the grid;
Case 3a refers to processes in which a CHP, fed with pre-dried woodchips, is used to provide electricity and heat to the
pellet mill.
AGRICULTURE PATHWAYS
Biomass fuel production system
Transport distance
Greenhouse gas emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions
savings – typical value
savings – default value
Heat
Electricity
Heat
Electricity
Agricultural Residues with density < 1 to 500 km
95 %
92 %
93 %
90 %
0.2 t/m 3 ( *1 )
500 to 2 500 km
89 %
83 %
86 %
80 %
2 500 to 10 000 km
77 %
66 %
73 %
60 %
Above 10 000 km
57 %
36 %
48 %
23 %
Agricultural Residues with density > 1 to 500 km
95 %
92 %
93 %
90 %
0.2 t/m 3 ( *2 )
500 to 2 500 km
93 %
89 %
92 %
87 %
2 500 to 10 000 km
88 %
82 %
85 %
78 %
Above 10 000 km
78 %
68 %
74 %
61 %
Straw pellets
1 to 500 km
88 %
82 %
85 %
78 %
500 to 10 000 km
86 %
79 %
83 %
74 %
Above 10 000 km
80 %
70 %
76 %
64 %
Bagasse briquettes
500 to 10 000 km
93 %
89 %
91 %
87 %
Above 10 000 km
87 %
81 %
85 %
77 %
Palm Kernel Meal
Above 10 000 km
20 %
-18 %
11 %
-33 %
Palm
Kernel
Meal
(no Above 10 000 km
46 %
20 %
42 %
14 %
CH 4 emissions from oil mill)
( *1 ) This group of materials includes agricultural residues with a low bulk density and it comprises materials such
as straw bales, oat hulls, rice husks and sugar cane bagasse bales (not exhaustive list).
( *2 ) The group of agricultural residues with higher bulk density includes materials such as corn cobs, nut shells,
soybean hulls, palm kernel shells (not exhaustive list).
BIOGAS FOR ELECTRICITY ( *1 )
Biogas production system
Technological
Greenhouse gas emissions savings –
Greenhouse gas emissions savings –
option
typical value
default value
Wet manure ( 1 )
Case Open
digestate
146 %
94 %
( 2 )
Close
digestate
246 %
240 %
( 3 )
Case Open digestate
136 %
85 %
Close digestate
227 %
219 %
Case Open digestate
142 %
86 %
Close digestate
243 %
235 %
Maize
whole Case Open digestate
36 %
21 %
plant ( 4 )
Close digestate
59 %
53 %
Case Open digestate
34 %
18 %
Close digestate
55 %
47 %
Case Open digestate
28 %
10 %
Close digestate
52 %
43 %
Biowaste
Case Open digestate
47 %
26 %
Close digestate
84 %
78 %
Case Open digestate
43 %
21 %
Close digestate
77 %
68 %
Case Open digestate
38 %
14 %
Close digestate
76 %
66 %
( *1 ) Case 1 refers to pathways in which electricity and heat required in the process are supplied by the CHP engine
itself.
Case 2 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the process is taken from the grid and the process heat
is supplied by the CHP engine itself. In some Member States, operators are not allowed to claim the gross production
for subsidies and case 1 is the more likely configuration.
Case 3 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the process is taken from the grid and the process heat
is supplied by a biogas boiler. This case applies to some installations in which the CHP engine is not on-site and
biogas is sold (but not upgraded to biomethane).
( 1 ) The values for biogas production from manure include negative emissions for emissions saved from raw
manure management. The value of e sca considered is equal to – 45 g CO 2 eq/MJ manure used in anaerobic digestion.
( 2 ) Open storage of digestate accounts for additional emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O. The magnitude of those
emissions changes with ambient conditions, substrate types and the digestion efficiency.
( 3 ) Close storage means that the digestate resulting from the digestion process is stored in a gas-tight tank and that
the additional biogas released during storage is considered to be recovered for production of additional electricity or
biomethane. No greenhouse gas emissions are included in that process.
( 4 ) Maize whole plant means maize harvested as fodder and ensiled for preservation.
BIOGAS FOR ELECTRICITY – MIXTURES OF MANURE AND MAIZE
Biogas production system
Technological
Greenhouse gas emissions savings – Greenhouse gas emissions savings –
option
typical value
default value
Manure
– Case 1 Open digestate
72 %
45 %
Maize
Close digestate
120 %
114 %
80 % - 20 %
Case 2 Open digestate
67 %
40 %
Close digestate
111 %
103 %
Case 3 Open digestate
65 %
35 %
Close digestate
114 %
106 %
Manure
– Case 1 Open digestate
60 %
37 %
Maize
Close digestate
100 %
94 %
70 % - 30 %
Case 2 Open digestate
57 %
32 %
Close digestate
93 %
85 %
Case 3 Open digestate
53 %
27 %
Close digestate
94 %
85 %
Manure
– Case 1 Open digestate
53 %
32 %
Maize
Close digestate
88 %
82 %
60 % - 40 %
Case 2 Open digestate
50 %
28 %
Close digestate
82 %
73 %
Case 3 Open digestate
46 %
22 %
Close digestate
81 %
72 %
BIOMETHANE FOR TRANSPORT ( *1 )
Biomethane production Technological options
Greenhouse gas emissions Greenhouse gas emissions
system
savings – typical value
savings – default value
Wet manure
Open digestate, no off-gas combustion
117 %
72 %
Open digestate, off-gas combustion
133 %
94 %
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion
190 %
179 %
Close digestate, off-gas combustion
206 %
202 %
Maize whole plant
Open digestate, no off-gas combustion
35 %
17 %
Open digestate, off-gas combustion
51 %
39 %
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion
52 %
41 %
Close digestate, off-gas combustion
68 %
63 %
Biowaste
Open digestate, no off-gas combustion
43 %
20 %
Open digestate, off-gas combustion
59 %
42 %
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion
70 %
58 %
Close digestate, off-gas combustion
86 %
80 %
*1
( ) The greenhouse gas emissions savings for biomethane only refer to compressed biomethane relative to the
fossil fuel comparator for transport of 94 g CO 2 eq/MJ.
BIOMETHANE – MIXTURES OF MANURE AND MAIZE ( *1 )
Biomethane production system Technological options
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
emissions
emissions
savings – typical value
savings – default
value
Open digestate, no off-gas combustion ( 1 )
Manure – Maize
62 %
35 %
80 % - 20 %
Open digestate, off-gas combustion ( 2 )
78 %
57 %
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion
97 %
86 %
Close digestate, off-gas combustion
113 %
108 %
Manure – Maize
Open digestate, no off-gas combustion
53 %
29 %
70 % - 30 %
Open digestate, off-gas combustion
69 %
51 %
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion
83 %
71 %
Close digestate, off-gas combustion
99 %
94 %
Manure – Maize
Open digestate, no off-gas combustion
48 %
25 %
60 % - 40 %
Open digestate, off-gas combustion
64 %
48 %
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion
74 %
62 %
Close digestate, off-gas combustion
90 %
84 %
*1
( ) The greenhouse gas emissions savings for biomethane only refer to compressed biomethane relative to the
fossil fuel comparator for transport of 94 g CO 2 eq/MJ.
( 1 ) This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to biomethane: Pressure
Swing Adsorption (PSA), Pressure Water Scrubbing (PWS), Membranes, Cryogenic, and Organic Physical
Scrubbing (OPS). It includes an emission of 0.03 MJ CH 4 /MJ biomethane for the emission of methane in the off-
gases.
( 2 ) This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to biomethane: Pressure
Water Scrubbing (PWS) when water is recycled, Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA), Chemical Scrubbing, Organic
Physical Scrubbing (OPS), Membranes and Cryogenic upgrading. No methane emissions are considered for this
category (the methane in the off-gas is combusted, if any).
Part B.
METHODOLOGY
1. Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of biomass fuels, shall be calculated as follows
(a) Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of biomass fuels before conversion into electricity,
heating and cooling, shall be calculated as
E = e ec + e l + e p + e td + e u – e sca – e ccs – e ccr ,
Where
E = total emissions from the production of the fuel before energy conversion;
e ec = emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials;
e l = annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use change;
e p
=
emissions from processing;
e td
= emissions from transport and distribution;
e u
=
emissions from the fuel in use;
e sca = emission savings from soil carbon accumulation via improved agricultural management;
e ccs = emission savings from CO 2 capture and geological storage; and
e ccr
= emission savings from CO 2 capture and replacement.
Emissions from the manufacture of machinery and equipment shall not be taken into account.
(b) In the case of co-digestion of different substrates in a biogas plant for the production of biogas or biomethane,
the typical and default values of greenhouse gas emissions shall be calculated as
𝑛
where
E = greenhouse gas emissions per MJ biogas or biomethane produced from co-digestion of the defined mixture of
substrates
S n
= Share of feedstock n in energy content
E n = Emission in g CO 2 /MJ for pathway n as provided in Part D of this Schedule (*)
𝑆 𝑛 = 𝑛
where
P n = energy yield [MJ] per kilogram of wet input of feedstock n (**)
W n
= weighting factor of substrate n defined as
𝐼 𝑛
1 − 𝐴𝑀 𝑛
𝑊 𝑛 =
∙
(
)
∑ 𝑛1 𝐼 𝑛
1 − 𝑆𝑀 𝑛
where
I n = Annual input to digester of substrate n [tonne of fresh matter]
AM n
= Average annual moisture of substrate n [kg water/kg fresh matter]
SM n
= Standard moisture for substrate n (***).
(*) For animal manure used as substrate, a bonus of 45 g CO 2 eq/MJ manure (– 54 kg CO 2 eq/t fresh matter) is
added for improved agricultural and manure management.
(**) The following values of P n shall be used for calculating typical and default values
P(Maize): 4.16 [MJ biogas /kg wet maize @ 65 % moisture ]
P(Manure): 0.50 [MJ biogas /kg wet manure @ 90 % moisture ]
P(Biowaste) 3.41 [MJ biogas /kg wet biowaste @ 76 % moisture ]
(***) The following values of the standard moisture for substrate SM n shall be used
SM(Maize): 0.65 [kg water/kg fresh matter]
SM(Manure): 0.90 [kg water/kg fresh matter]
SM(Biowaste): 0.76 [kg water/kg fresh matter]
(c) In the case of co-digestion of n substrates in a biogas plant for the production of electricity or biomethane,
actual greenhouse gas emissions of biogas and biomethane are calculated as follows
𝑛
𝐸 = ∑ 𝑆 𝑛 ∙ (𝑒 𝑒𝑐,𝑛 + 𝑒 𝑡𝑑,𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘,𝑛 + 𝑒 𝑙,𝑛 − 𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎,𝑛 ) + 𝑒 𝑝 + 𝑒 𝑡𝑑,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑢 − 𝑒 𝑐𝑐𝑠 − 𝑒 𝑐𝑐𝑟
where
E = total emissions from the production of the biogas or biomethane before energy conversion;
S n = Share of feedstock n, in fraction of input to the digester;
e ec,n
= emissions from the extraction or cultivation of feedstock n;
e td,feedstock,n
= emissions from transport of feedstock n to the digester;
e l,n = annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use change, for feedstock n;
e sca = emission savings from improved agricultural management of feedstock n (*);
e p
=
emissions from processing;
e td,product
= emissions from transport and distribution of biogas and/or biomethane;
e u = emissions from the fuel in use, that is greenhouse gases emitted during combustion;
e ccs = emission savings from CO 2 capture and geological storage; and
e ccr
= emission savings from CO 2 capture and replacement.
(*) For e sca a bonus of 45 g CO 2 eq/MJ manure shall be attributed for improved agricultural and manure
management in the case animal manure is used as a substrate for the production of biogas and biomethane.
(d) Greenhouse gas emissions from the use of biomass fuels in producing electricity, heating and cooling,
including the energy conversion to electricity and/or heat or cooling produced, shall be calculated as follows
(i) For energy installations delivering only heat
𝐸
𝐸𝐶 ℎ =
η ℎ
(ii) For energy installations delivering only electricity
𝐸
𝐸𝐶 𝑒𝑙 =
η 𝑒𝑙
where
EC h,el
= Total greenhouse gas emissions from the final energy commodity.
E = Total greenhouse gas emissions of the fuel before end-conversion.
η el = The electrical efficiency, defined as the annual electricity produced divided by the annual fuel input, based on
its energy content.
η h = The heat efficiency, defined as the annual useful heat output divided by the annual fuel input, based on its
energy content.
(iii) For the electricity or mechanical energy coming from energy installations delivering useful heat
together with electricity and/or mechanical energy
𝐸
𝐶 𝑒𝑙 . η 𝑒𝑙
𝐸𝐶 𝑒𝑙 =
(
)
(iv) For the useful heat coming from energy installations delivering heat together with electricity and/or
mechanical energy
𝐸
𝐸𝐶 ℎ =
(
)
where
EC h,el
= Total greenhouse gas emissions from the final energy commodity.
E = Total greenhouse gas emissions of the fuel before end-conversion.
η el = The electrical efficiency, defined as the annual electricity produced divided by the annual energy input, based
on its energy content.
η h = The heat efficiency, defined as the annual useful heat output divided by the annual energy input, based on its
energy content.
C el = Fraction of exergy in the electricity, and/or mechanical energy, set to 100 % (C el = 1).
C h = Carnot efficiency (fraction of exergy in the useful heat).
The Carnot efficiency, C h , for useful heat at different temperatures is defined as
𝐶 ℎ =
𝑇 ℎ
where
T h = Temperature, measured in absolute temperature (kelvin) of the useful heat at point of delivery.
T 0 = Temperature of surroundings, set at 273.15 kelvin (equal to 0 °C).
If the excess heat is exported for heating of buildings, at a temperature below 150 °C (423.15 kelvin), C h can
alternatively be defined as follows
C h = Carnot efficiency in heat at 150 °C (423.15 kelvin), which is: 0.3546
For the purposes of that calculation, the following definitions apply
(i) ‘cogeneration’ shall mean the simultaneous generation in one process of thermal energy and electricity and/or
mechanical energy;
(ii) ‘useful heat’ shall mean heat generated to satisfy an economical justifiable demand for heat, for heating or
cooling purposes;
(iii) ‘economically justifiable demand’ shall mean the demand that does not exceed the needs for heat or cooling
and which would otherwise be satisfied at market conditions.
2. Greenhouse gas emissions from biomass fuels shall be expressed as follows
(a) greenhouse gas emissions from biomass fuels, E, shall be expressed in terms of grams of CO 2 equivalent per
MJ of biomass fuel, g CO 2 eq/MJ;
(b) greenhouse gas emissions from heating or electricity, produced from biomass fuels, EC, shall be expressed
in terms of grams of CO 2 equivalent per MJ of final energy commodity (heat or electricity), g CO 2 eq/MJ.
When heating and cooling are co-generated with electricity, emissions shall be allocated between heat and
electricity (as under paragraph (d) of item 1), irrespective if the heat is used for actual heating purposes or for
cooling. ( Note 1 )
Where the greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials e ec are expressed in unit g
CO 2 eq/dry-ton of feedstock, the conversion to grams of CO 2 equivalent per MJ of fuel, g CO 2 eq /MJ, shall be
calculated as follows ( Note 2 )
𝑔𝐶𝑂 2 𝑒𝑞
𝑒 𝑒𝑐 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 a [
]
𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑦
𝑔𝐶𝑂 2 𝑒𝑞
𝑒 𝑒𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 a [
] =
× 𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 a × 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 a
𝑀𝐽 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘
𝑀𝐽𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑐
𝐿𝐻𝑉 a [
]
𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘
where
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 a = [
]
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 + 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠
Fuel feedstock factor a = [Ratio of MJ feedstock required to make 1MJ fuel]
Emissions per dry-ton feedstock shall be calculated as follows
𝑔𝐶𝑂 𝑒𝑞
𝑒 𝑒𝑐 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 a [ 𝑡 2 ]
𝑔𝐶𝑂 2 𝑒𝑞
𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡
𝑒 𝑒𝑐 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 a [
]=
(1 − 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡)
𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑦
3. Greenhouse gas emissions savings from biomass fuels shall be calculated as follows
(a) greenhouse gas emissions savings from biomass fuels used as transport fuels
SAVING = (E F(t) – E B )/E F(t)
where
E B = total emissions from biomass fuels used as transport fuels; and
E F(t)
= total emissions from the fossil fuel comparator for transport
(b) greenhouse gas emissions savings from heat and cooling, and electricity being generated from biomass fuels
SAVING = (EC F(h&c,el) – EC B(h&c,el) )/EC F (h&c,el) ,
where
EC B(h&c,el)
= total emissions from the heat or electricity,
EC F(h&c,el)
= total emissions from the fossil fuel comparator for useful heat or electricity.
4. The greenhouse gases taken into account for the purposes of item1 shall be CO 2 , N 2 O and CH 4 . For the purposes
of calculating CO 2 equivalence, those gases shall be valued as follows
CO 2 : 1
N 2 O: 298
CH 4 : 25
5. Emissions from the extraction, harvesting or cultivation of raw materials, e ec , shall include emissions from the
extraction, harvesting or cultivation process itself; from the collection, drying and storage of raw materials; from
waste and leakages; and from the production of chemicals or products used in extraction or cultivation. Capture
of CO 2 in the cultivation of raw materials shall be excluded. Estimates of emissions from agriculture biomass
cultivation may be derived from the regional averages for cultivation emissions included in the reports referred to
in Article 31(4) of the Directive or the information on the disaggregated default values for cultivation emissions
included in this Schedule, as an alternative to using actual values. In the absence of relevant information in those
reports it is allowed to calculate averages based on local farming practises based for instance on data of a group
of farms, as an alternative to using actual values.
Estimates of emissions from cultivation and harvesting of forestry biomass may be derived from the use of
averages for cultivation and harvesting emissions calculated for geographical areas at national level, as an
alternative to using actual values.
6. For the purposes of the calculation referred to in item 1(a), greenhouse gas emissions savings from improved
agriculture management, e sca , such as shifting to reduced or zero-tillage, improved crops and crops rotation, the
use of cover crops, including crop residue management, and the use of organic soil improver, such as compost
and manure fermentation digestate, shall be taken into account only if they do not risk to negatively affect
biodiversity. Further, solid and verifiable evidence shall be provided that the soil carbon has increased or that it is
reasonable to expect to have increased over the period in which the raw materials concerned were cultivated while
taking into account the emissions where such practices lead to increased fertiliser and herbicide us ( Note 3 ).
7. Annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use change, e l , shall be calculated by dividing
total emissions equally over twenty (20) years. For the calculation of those emissions the following rule shall be
applied
e l = (CS R – CS A ) × 3.664 × 1/20 × 1/P – e B , ( Note 4 )
where
e l = annualised greenhouse gas emissions from carbon stock change due to land-use change (measured as mass of
CO 2 -equivalent per unit biomass fuel energy). ‘Cropland’ ( Note 5 ) and ‘perennial cropland’ ( Note 6 ) shall be
regarded as one land use;
CS R = the carbon stock per unit area associated with the reference land use (measured as mass (tonnes) of carbon
per unit area, including both soil and vegetation). The reference land use shall be the land use in January
2008 or twenty (20) years before the raw material was obtained, whichever was the later;
CS A = the carbon stock per unit area associated with the actual land use (measured as mass (tonnes) of carbon per
unit area, including both soil and vegetation). In cases where the carbon stock accumulates over more than
one year, the value attributed to CS A shall be the estimated stock per unit area after twenty (20) years or
when the crop reaches maturity, whichever the earlier;
P = the productivity of the crop (measured as biomass fuel energy per unit area per year); and
e B = bonus of 29 g CO 2 eq/MJ biomass fuel if biomass is obtained from restored degraded land under the conditions
laid down in item 8.
8. The bonus of 29 g CO 2 eq/MJ shall be attributed if evidence is provided that the land
(a) was not in use for agriculture in January 2008 or any other activity; and
(b) is severely degraded land, including such land that was formerly in agricultural use.
The bonus of 29 g CO 2 eq/MJ shall apply for a period of up to twenty (20) years from the date of conversion of
the land to agricultural use, provided that a steady increase in carbon stocks as well as a sizable reduction in
erosion phenomena for land falling under (b) are ensured.
9. ‘Severely degraded land’ means land that, for a significant period of time, has either been significantly salinated
or presented significantly low organic matter content and has been severely eroded.
In accordance with item 10 of Part C of the First Schedule, Commission Decision 2010/335/EU ( Note 7 ), which
10. provides for guidelines for the calculation of land carbon stocks in relation to the Directive, drawing on the 2006
IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories – volume 4, and in accordance with Regulations (EU)
No 525/2013 and (EU) 2018/841, shall serve as the basis for the calculation of land carbon stocks.
11. Emissions from processing, e p , shall include emissions from the processing itself; from waste and leakages; and
from the production of chemicals or products used in processing, including the CO 2 emissions corresponding to
the carbon contents of fossil inputs, whether or not actually combusted in the process.
In accounting for the consumption of electricity not produced within the solid or gaseous biomass fuel production
plant, the greenhouse gas emissions intensity of the production and distribution of that electricity shall be assumed
to be equal to the average emission intensity of the production and distribution of electricity in a defined region.
By way of derogation from this rule, producers may use an average value for an individual electricity production
plant for electricity produced by that plant, if that plant is not connected to the electricity grid.
Emissions from processing shall include emissions from drying of interim products and materials where relevant.
12. Emissions from transport and distribution, e td , shall include emissions from the transport of raw and semi-finished
materials and from the storage and distribution of finished materials. Emissions from transport and distribution to
be taken into account under item 5 shall not be covered by this item.
13. Emissions of CO 2 from fuel in use, e u, shall be taken to be zero for biomass fuels. Emissions of non-
CO 2 greenhouse gases (CH 4 and N 2 O) from the fuel in use shall be included in the e u factor.
14. Emission savings from CO 2 capture and geological storage, e ccs , that have not already been accounted for in e p ,
shall be limited to emissions avoided through the capture and storage of emitted CO 2 directly related to the
extraction, transport, processing and distribution of biomass fuel if stored in compliance with Directive
2009/31/EC.
15. Emissions savings from CO 2 capture and replacement, e ccr , shall be related directly to the production of biomass
fuels to which they are attributed, and shall be limited to emissions avoided through the capture of CO 2 of which
the carbon originates from biomass and which is used to replace fossil-derived CO 2 in the production of
commercial products and services before 1 January 2036.
16. Where a cogeneration unit – providing heat and/or electricity to a biomass fuel production process for which
emissions are being calculated – produces excess electricity and/or excess useful heat, the greenhouse gas
emissions shall be divided between the electricity and the useful heat according to the temperature of the heat
(which reflects the usefulness (utility) of the heat). The useful part of the heat is found by multiplying its energy
content with the Carnot efficiency, C h , calculated as follows
𝐶 ℎ =
𝑇 ℎ
where
T h = Temperature, measured in absolute temperature (kelvin) of the useful heat at point of delivery.
T 0 = Temperature of surroundings, set at 273.15 kelvin (equal to 0 °C).
If the excess heat is exported for heating of buildings, at a temperature below 150 °C (423.15 kelvin), C h can
alternatively be defined as follows
C h = Carnot efficiency in heat at 150 °C (423.15 kelvin), which is: 0.3546
For the purposes of that calculation, the actual efficiencies shall be used, defined as the annual mechanical energy,
electricity and heat produced respectively divided by the annual energy input.
For the purposes of that calculation, the following definitions apply
(a) ‘cogeneration’ shall mean the simultaneous generation in one process of thermal energy and electrical and/or
mechanical energy;
(b) ‘useful heat’ shall mean heat generated to satisfy an economical justifiable demand for heat, for heating or
cooling purposes;
(c) ‘economically justifiable demand’ shall mean the demand that does not exceed the needs for heat or cooling
and which would otherwise be satisfied at market conditions.
17. Where a biomass fuel production process produces, in combination, the fuel for which emissions are being
calculated and one or more other products (‘co-products’), greenhouse gas emissions shall be divided between the
fuel or its intermediate product and the co-products in proportion to their energy content (determined by lower
heating value in the case of co-products other than electricity and heat). The greenhouse gas intensity of excess
useful heat or excess electricity is the same as the greenhouse gas intensity of heat or electricity delivered to the
biomass fuel production process and is determined from calculating the greenhouse gas intensity of all inputs and
emissions, including the feedstock and CH 4 and N 2 O emissions, to and from the cogeneration unit, boiler or other
apparatus delivering heat or electricity to the biomass fuel production process. In the case of cogeneration of
electricity and heat, the calculation is performed following item16.
18. For the purposes of the calculations referred to in item 17, the emissions to be divided shall be e ec + e l + e sca +
those fractions of e p , e td , e ccs and e ccr that take place up to and including the process step at which a co-product is
produced. If any allocation to co-products has taken place at an earlier process step in the life-cycle, the fraction
of those emissions assigned in the last such process step to the intermediate fuel product shall be used for those
purposes instead of the total of those emissions.
In the case of biogas and biomethane, all co-products that do not fall under the scope of item 17 shall be taken
into account for the purposes of that calculation. Co-products that have a negative energy content shall be
considered to have an energy content of zero for the purposes of the calculation.
As a general rule, wastes and residues including all wastes and residues included in Annex IX of the Directive
shall be considered to have zero life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions up to the process of collection of those
materials irrespectively of whether they are processed to interim products before being transformed into the final
product.
In the case of biomass fuels produced in refineries, other than the combination of processing plants with boilers
or cogeneration units providing heat and/or electricity to the processing plant, the unit of analysis for the purposes
of the calculation referred to in item 17 shall be the refinery.
19. For biomass fuels used for the production of electricity, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in item 3,
the fossil fuel comparator EC F(el) shall be 183 g CO 2 eq/MJ electricity or 212 g CO 2 eq/MJ electricity for the
outermost regions.
For biomass fuels used for the production of useful heat, as well as for the production of heating and/or cooling,
for the purposes of the calculation referred to in item 3, the fossil fuel comparator EC F(h) shall be 80 g CO 2 eq/MJ
heat.
For biomass fuels used for the production of useful heat, in which a direct physical substitution of coal can be
demonstrated, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in item 3, the fossil fuel comparator EC F(h) shall be
124 g CO 2 eq/MJ heat.
For biomass fuels used as transport fuels, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in item 3, the fossil fuel
comparator E F(t) shall be 94 g CO 2 eq/MJ.
Notes to Part B of this Schedule
(Note 1) Heat or waste heat is used to generate cooling (chilled air or water) through absorption chillers. Therefore, it is appropriate to
calculate only the emissions associated to the heat produced, per MJ of heat, irrespectively if the end-use of the heat is actual heating or
cooling via absorption chillers.
( Note 2 ) The formula for calculating greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials e ec describes cases where
feedstock is converted into biofuels in one step. For more complex supply chains, adjustments are needed for calculating greenhouse gas
emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials e ec for intermediate products.
( Note 3 ) Measurements of soil carbon can constitute such evidence, e.g. by a first measurement in advance of the cultivation and
subsequent ones at regular intervals several years apart. In such a case, before the second measurement is available, increase in soil carbon
would be estimated on the basis of representative experiments or soil models. From the second measurement onwards, the measurements
would constitute the basis for determining the existence of an increase in soil carbon and its magnitude
( Note 4 ) The quotient obtained by dividing the molecular weight of CO2 (44.010 g/mol) by the molecular weight of carbon (12.011 g/mol)
is equal to 3.664.
( Note 5 ) Cropland as defined by IPCC.
( Note 6 ) Perennial crops are defined as multi-annual crops, the stem of which is usually not annually harvested such as short rotation
coppice and oil palm.
( Note 7 ) Commission Decision 2010/335/EU of 10 June 2010 on guidelines for the calculation of land carbon stocks for the purpose of
Annex V to Directive 2009/28/EC (OJ L 151, 17.6.2010, p. 19).
Part C.
DISAGGREGATED DEFAULT VALUES FOR BIOMASS FUELS
Wood briquettes or pellets
Biomass fuel production system
Transport distance
Greenhouse gas emissions – typical value
Greenhouse gas emissions – default value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
Cultivation Processing Transport Non-CO 2 emissions
from Cultivation Processing Transport Non-CO 2 emissions from the fuel
the fuel in use
in use
Wood chips from forest residues
1 to 500 km
0.0
1.6
3.0
0.4
0.0
1.9
3.6
0.5
500 to 2 500 km
0.0
1.6
5.2
0.4
0.0
1.9
6.2
0.5
2 500 to 10 000 km
0.0
1.6
10.5
0.4
0.0
1.9
12.6
0.5
Above 10 000 km
0.0
1.6
20.5
0.4
0.0
1.9
24.6
0.5
Wood chips from SRC (Eucalyptus)
2 500 to 10 000 km
4.4
0.0
11.0
0.4
4.4
0.0
13.2
0.5
Wood chips from SRC (Poplar – 1 to 500 km
3.9
0.0
3.5
0.4
3.9
0.0
4.2
0.5
fertilised)
500 to 2 500 km
3.9
0.0
5.6
0.4
3.9
0.0
6.8
0.5
2 500 to 10 000 km
3.9
0.0
11.0
0.4
3.9
0.0
13.2
0.5
Above 10 000 km
3.9
0.0
21.0
0.4
3.9
0.0
25.2
0.5
Wood chips from SRC (Poplar – Not 1 to 500 km
2.2
0.0
3.5
0.4
2.2
0.0
4.2
0.5
fertilised)
500 to 2 500 km
2.2
0.0
5.6
0.4
2.2
0.0
6.8
0.5
2 500 to 10 000 km
2.2
0.0
11.0
0.4
2.2
0.0
13.2
0.5
Above 10 000 km
2.2
0.0
21.0
0.4
2.2
0.0
25.2
0.5
Wood chips from stemwood
1 to 500 km
1.1
0.3
3.0
0.4
1.1
0.4
3.6
0.5
500 to 2 500 km
1.1
0.3
5.2
0.4
1.1
0.4
6.2
0.5
2 500 to 10 000 km
1.1
0.3
10.5
0.4
1.1
0.4
12.6
0.5
Above 10 000 km
1.1
0.3
20.5
0.4
1.1
0.4
24.6
0.5
1 to 500 km
0.0
0.3
3.0
0.4
0.0
0.4
3.6
0.5
500 to 2 500 km
0.0
0.3
5.2
0.4
0.0
0.4
6.2
0.5
Wood chips from wood industry
2 500 to 10 000 km
0.0
0.3
10.5
0.4
0.0
0.4
12.6
0.5
residues
Above 10 000 km
0.0
0.3
20.5
0.4
0.0
0.4
24.6
0.5
Wood briquettes or pellets
Biomass fuel production system
Transport distance
Greenhouse gas emissions – typical value
Greenhouse gas emissions – default value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
Cultivation Processing Transport & Non-CO 2 emissions Cultivation Processing Transport & Non-
distribution from the fuel in use
distribution CO 2 emissions
from the fuel
in use
Wood briquettes or pellets from forest 1 to 500 km
0.0
25.8
2.9
0.3
0.0
30.9
3.5
0.3
residues (case 1)
500 to 2 500 km
0.0
25.8
2.8
0.3
0.0
30.9
3.3
0.3
2 500 to 10 000 km
0.0
25.8
4.3
0.3
0.0
30.9
5.2
0.3
Above 10 000 km
0.0
25.8
7.9
0.3
0.0
30.9
9.5
0.3
Wood briquettes or pellets from forest 1 to 500 km
0.0
12.5
3.0
0.3
0.0
15.0
3.6
0.3
residues (case 2a)
500 to 2 500 km
0.0
12.5
2.9
0.3
0.0
15.0
3.5
0.3
2 500 to 10 000 km
0.0
12.5
4.4
0.3
0.0
15.0
5.3
0.3
Above 10 000 km
0.0
12.5
8.1
0.3
0.0
15.0
9.8
0.3
Wood briquettes or pellets from forest 1 to 500 km
0.0
2.4
3.0
0.3
0.0
2.8
3.6
0.3
residues (case 3a)
500 to 2 500 km
0.0
2.4
2.9
0.3
0.0
2.8
3.5
0.3
2 500 to 10 000 km
0.0
2.4
4.4
0.3
0.0
2.8
5.3
0.3
Above 10 000 km
0.0
2.4
8.2
0.3
0.0
2.8
9.8
0.3
Wood briquettes from short rotation 2 500 to 10 000 km
3.9
24.5
4.3
0.3
3.9
29.4
5.2
0.3
coppice
(Eucalyptus – case 1)
Wood briquettes from short rotation 2 500 to 10 000 km
5.0
10.6
4.4
0.3
5.0
12.7
5.3
0.3
coppice
(Eucalyptus – case 2a)
Wood briquettes from short rotation 2 500 to 10 000 km
5.3
0.3
4.4
0.3
5.3
0.4
5.3
0.3
coppice
(Eucalyptus – case 3a)
Wood briquettes from short rotation 1 to 500 km
3.4
24.5
2.9
0.3
3.4
29.4
3.5
0.3
coppice
500 to 10 000 km
3.4
24.5
4.3
0.3
3.4
29.4
5.2
0.3
(Poplar – Fertilised – case 1)
Above 10 000 km
3.4
24.5
7.9
0.3
3.4
29.4
9.5
0.3
Wood briquettes from short rotation 1 to 500 km
4.4
10.6
3.0
0.3
4.4
12.7
3.6
0.3
coppice
500 to 10 000 km
4.4
10.6
4.4
0.3
4.4
12.7
5.3
0.3
(Poplar – Fertilised – case 2a)
Above 10 000 km
4.4
10.6
8.1
0.3
4.4
12.7
9.8
0.3
Wood briquettes from short rotation 1 to 500 km
4.6
0.3
3.0
0.3
4.6
0.4
3.6
0.3
coppice
500 to 10 000 km
4.6
0.3
4.4
0.3
4.6
0.4
5.3
0.3
(Poplar – Fertilised – case 3a)
Above 10 000 km
4.6
0.3
8.2
0.3
4.6
0.4
9.8
0.3
Wood briquettes from short rotation 1 to 500 km
2.0
24.5
2.9
0.3
2.0
29.4
3.5
0.3
coppice
500 to 2 500 km
2.0
24.5
4.3
0.3
2.0
29.4
5.2
0.3
(Poplar – no fertilisation – case 1)
2 500 to 10 000 km
2.0
24.5
7.9
0.3
2.0
29.4
9.5
0.3
Wood briquettes from short rotation 1 to 500 km
2.5
10.6
3.0
0.3
2.5
12.7
3.6
0.3
coppice
500 to 10 000 km
2.5
10.6
4.4
0.3
2.5
12.7
5.3
0.3
(Poplar – no fertilisation – case 2a)
Above 10 000 km
2.5
10.6
8.1
0.3
2.5
12.7
9.8
0.3
Wood briquettes from short rotation 1 to 500 km
2.6
0.3
3.0
0.3
2.6
0.4
3.6
0.3
coppice
500 to 10 000 km
2.6
0.3
4.4
0.3
2.6
0.4
5.3
0.3
(Poplar – no fertilisation– case 3a)
Above 10 000 km
2.6
0.3
8.2
0.3
2.6
0.4
9.8
0.3
Wood briquettes or
pellets
from 1 to 500 km
1.1
24.8
2.9
0.3
1.1
29.8
3.5
0.3
stemwood (case 1)
500 to 2 500 km
1.1
24.8
2.8
0.3
1.1
29.8
3.3
0.3
2 500 to 10 000 km
1.1
24.8
4.3
0.3
1.1
29.8
5.2
0.3
Above 10 000 km
1.1
24.8
7.9
0.3
1.1
29.8
9.5
0.3
Wood briquettes or
pellets
from 1 to 500 km
1.4
11.0
3.0
0.3
1.4
13.2
3.6
0.3
stemwood (case 2a)
500 to 2 500 km
1.4
11.0
2.9
0.3
1.4
13.2
3.5
0.3
2 500 to 10 000 km
1.4
11.0
4.4
0.3
1.4
13.2
5.3
0.3
Above 10 000 km
1.4
11.0
8.1
0.3
1.4
13.2
9.8
0.3
Wood briquettes or
pellets
from 1 to 500 km
1.4
0.8
3.0
0.3
1.4
0.9
3.6
0.3
stemwood (case 3a)
500 to 2 500 km
1.4
0.8
2.9
0.3
1.4
0.9
3.5
0.3
2 500 to 10 000 km
1.4
0.8
4.4
0.3
1.4
0.9
5.3
0.3
Above 10 000 km
1.4
0.8
8.2
0.3
1.4
0.9
9.8
0.3
Wood briquettes or pellets from wood 1 to 500 km
0.0
14.3
2.8
0.3
0.0
17.2
3.3
0.3
industry residues (case 1)
500 to 2 500 km
0.0
14.3
2.7
0.3
0.0
17.2
3.2
0.3
2 500 to 10 000 km
0.0
14.3
4.2
0.3
0.0
17.2
5.0
0.3
Above 10 000 km
0.0
14.3
7.7
0.3
0.0
17.2
9.2
0.3
Wood briquettes or pellets from wood 1 to 500 km
0.0
6.0
2.8
0.3
0.0
7.2
3.4
0.3
industry residues (case 2a)
500 to 2 500 km
0.0
6.0
2.7
0.3
0.0
7.2
3.3
0.3
2 500 to 10 000 km
0.0
6.0
4.2
0.3
0.0
7.2
5.1
0.3
Above 10 000 km
0.0
6.0
7.8
0.3
0.0
7.2
9.3
0.3
Wood briquettes or pellets from wood 1 to 500 km
0.0
0.2
2.8
0.3
0.0
0.3
3.4
0.3
industry residues (case 3a)
500 to 2 500 km
0.0
0.2
2.7
0.3
0.0
0.3
3.3
0.3
2 500 to 10 000 km
0.0
0.2
4.2
0.3
0.0
0.3
5.1
0.3
Above 10 000 km
0.0
0.2
7.8
0.3
0.0
0.3
9.3
0.3
Agriculture pathways
Biomass fuel production system
Transport distance
Greenhouse gas emissions – typical value (g CO 2 eq/MJ)
Greenhouse gas emissions – default value (g CO 2 eq/MJ)
Cultivation Processing Transport
& Non-CO 2 emissions
Cultivation Processing Transport
& Non-CO 2 emissions
distribution
from the fuel in use
distribution
from the fuel in use
Agricultural Residues with 1 to 500 km
0.0
0.9
2.6
0.2
0.0
1.1
3.1
0.3
density < 0.2 t/m 3
500 to 2 500 km
0.0
0.9
6.5
0.2
0.0
1.1
7.8
0.3
2 500 to 10 000 km
0.0
0.9
14.2
0.2
0.0
1.1
17.0
0.3
Above 10 000 km
0.0
0.9
28.3
0.2
0.0
1.1
34.0
0.3
Agricultural Residues with 1 to 500 km
0.0
0.9
2.6
0.2
0.0
1.1
3.1
0.3
density > 0.2 t/m 3
500 to 2 500 km
0.0
0.9
3.6
0.2
0.0
1.1
4.4
0.3
2 500 to 10 000 km
0.0
0.9
7.1
0.2
0.0
1.1
8.5
0.3
Above 10 000 km
0.0
0.9
13.6
0.2
0.0
1.1
16.3
0.3
Straw pellets
1 to 500 km
0.0
5.0
3.0
0.2
0.0
6.0
3.6
0.3
500 to 10 000 km
0.0
5.0
4.6
0.2
0.0
6.0
5.5
0.3
Above 10 000 km
0.0
5.0
8.3
0.2
0.0
6.0
10.0
0.3
Bagasse briquettes
500 to 10 000 km
0.0
0.3
4.3
0.4
0.0
0.4
5.2
0.5
Above 10 000 km
0.0
0.3
8.0
0.4
0.0
0.4
9.5
0.5
Palm Kernel Meal
Above 10 000 km
21.6
21.1
11.2
0.2
21.6
25.4
13.5
0.3
Palm Kernel Meal (no Above 10 000 km
21.6
3.5
11.2
0.2
21.6
4.2
13.5
0.3
CH 4 emissions from oil mill)
Disaggregated default values for biogas for the production of electricity
Biomass
fuel
production Technology
TYPICAL VALUE [g CO 2 eq/MJ]
DEFAULT VALUE [g CO 2 eq/MJ]
system
Cultivation Processing Non-CO 2 emissions
Transport Manure
Cultivation Processing Non-CO 2 emissions
Transport Manure
from the fuel in use
credits
from the fuel in use
credits
Wet manure ( 1 )
case 1
Open digestate
0.0
69.6
8.9
0.8
– 107.3
0.0
(1) Energy from biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels Sustainability
shall be taken into account for the purposes referred to in paragraphs and
gas emissions
(a), (b) and (c) only if they fulfil the sustainability and the greenhouse saving
for biofuels,
gas emissions saving criteria stipulated in sub-regulations (6) to (13): bioliquids and
biomass fuels.
(a) counting towards Malta’s contribution to the Union’s
renewable energy share target and towards Malta meeting the
targets established for the shares of renewable energy in
(i)
the gross final energy consumption;
(ii)
the building sector;
(iii) the industry;
(iv) heating and cooling;
(v)
district heating and cooling; and
(vi) the transport sector;
(b) measuring
compliance
with
renewable
energy
obligations;
(c) eligibility for financial support for the consumption
of biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels.
(2) Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from
waste and residues, other than agricultural, aquaculture, fisheries and
forestry residues, are required to fulfil only the greenhouse gas
emissions saving criteria stipulated in sub-regulations (12) and (13) in
order to be taken into account for the purposes referred to in
paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1)
Provided that operators may be required to apply mixed
waste sorting systems that aim to remove fossil materials
Provided further that this sub-regulation shall also apply to
waste and residues that are first processed into a product before being
further processed into biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels.
(3) Electricity, heating and cooling produced from municipal
solid waste shall not be subject to the greenhouse gas emissions saving
criteria stipulated in sub-regulations (12) and (13).
(4) Biomass fuels shall fulfil the sustainability and greenhouse
gas emissions saving criteria stipulated in sub-regulations (6) to (11),
and (12) and (13) if used
(a) in the case of solid biomass fuels, in installations
producing electricity, heating and cooling with a total rated
thermal input equal to or exceeding seven point five megawatts
(7.5 MW);
(b) in the case of gaseous biomass fuels, in installations
producing electricity, heating and cooling with a total rated
thermal input equal to or exceeding two megawatts (2 MW);
(c) in the case of installations producing gaseous biomass
fuels with the following average biomethane flow rate
(i) above two hundred metres cubed (200m 3 )
methane equivalent per hour measured at standard
conditions of temperature and pressure, namely zero
degrees Celsius (0°C) and one (1) bar atmospheric
pressure;
(ii) if biogas is composed of a mixture of methane
and non-combustible other gas, for the methane flow rate,
the threshold established in sub-paragraph (i), recalculated
proportionally to the volumetric share of methane in the
mixture
Provided that the sustainability and greenhouse gas
emissions saving criteria may be applied to installations with a
lower total rated thermal input or biomethane flow rate.
(5) The sustainability and the greenhouse gas emissions saving
criteria stipulated in sub-regulations (6) to (13) shall apply irrespective
of the geographical origin of the biomass.
(6) Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from
waste and residues derived not from forestry but from agricultural land
shall not be taken into account for the purposes referred to in
paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1) unless either the
operators or the national authorities of the country in which they are
produced have monitoring or management plans in place in order to
address the impacts on soil quality and soil carbon, and the
information about how those impacts are monitored and managed is
being reported pursuant to sub-regulations (4) to (6) of regulation 5.
(7) Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from
agricultural biomass taken into account for the purposes referred to in
paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1) shall not be made from
raw material obtained from land with a high biodiversity value,
namely land that had one of the following statuses in or after January
2008, irrespective of whether the land continues to have such status
(a) primary forest and other wooded land, namely forest
and other wooded land of native species, where there is no
clearly visible indication of human activity and the ecological
processes are not significantly disturbed; and old growth forests
as defined in the country where the forest is located;
(b) highly biodiverse forest and other wooded land which
is species-rich and not degraded, and has been identified as being
highly biodiverse by the relevant competent authority, unless
evidence is provided that the production of that raw material did
not interfere with those nature protection purposes;
(c)
areas designated
(i) by law or by the relevant competent authority
for nature protection purposes, unless evidence is provided
that the production of such raw material did not interfere
with those nature protection purposes; or
(ii) for the protection of rare, threatened or
endangered ecosystems or species recognised by
international agreements or included in lists drawn up by
intergovernmental organisations or the International Union
for the Conservation of Nature, subject to their recognition
in accordance with the first sub-paragraph of Article 30(4)
of the Directive, unless evidence is provided that the
production of that raw material did not interfere with those
nature protection purposes;
(d) highly biodiverse grassland spanning more than one
(1) hectare that is
(i) natural, namely grassland that would remain
grassland in the absence of human intervention and that
maintains the natural species composition and ecological
characteristics and processes;
(ii) non-natural, namely grassland that would cease
to be grassland in the absence of human intervention and
that is species-rich and not degraded and has been
identified as being highly biodiverse by the relevant
competent authority, unless evidence is provided that the
harvesting of the raw material is necessary to preserve its
status as highly biodiverse grassland; or
(e)
heathland.
(8) Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from
agricultural biomass taken into account for the purposes referred to in
paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1) shall not be made from
raw material obtained from land with high-carbon stock, namely land
that had one of the following statuses in January 2008 and no longer
has such status
(a) wetlands, namely land that is covered with or
saturated by water permanently or for a significant part of the
year;
(b) continuously forested areas, namely land spanning
more than one (1) hectare with trees higher than five (5) metres
and a canopy cover of more than thirty percent (30%), or trees
able to reach those thresholds in situ; or
(c) land spanning more than one (1) hectare with trees
higher than five (5) metres and a canopy cover of between ten
and thirty percent (10% - 30%), or trees able to reach those
thresholds in situ, unless evidence is provided that the carbon
stock of the area before and after conversion is such that, when
the methodology stipulated in Part C of the First Schedule is
applied, the conditions stipulated in sub-regulations (12) and
(13) would be fulfilled
Provided that this sub-regulation shall not apply if, at
the time the raw material was obtained, the land had the same
status as it had in January 2008.
(9) Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from
agricultural biomass taken into account for the purposes referred to
paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1), shall not be made
from raw material obtained from land that was peatland in January
2008, unless evidence is provided that the cultivation and harvesting of
such raw material does not involve drainage of previously undrained
soil.
(10) Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from
forest biomass taken into account for the purposes referred to in
paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1) shall satisfy the
following criteria to minimise the risk of using forest biomass derived
from unsustainable production
(a) the country in which forest biomass was harvested
has national or sub-national laws applicable in the area of harvest
as well as monitoring and enforcement systems in place
ensuring
(i)
the legality of harvesting operations;
(ii)
forest regeneration of harvested areas;
(iii) that areas designated by international or
national law or by the relevant competent authority for
nature protection purposes, including in wetlands, in
grassland, in heathland and peatlands, are protected with
the aim of preserving biodiversity and preventing habitat
destruction;
(iv) that harvesting is carried out considering
maintenance of soil quality and biodiversity in accordance
with sustainable forest management principles, with the
aim of preventing any adverse impact, in a way that avoids
harvesting of stumps and roots, degradation of primary
forests, and of old growth forests as defined in the country
where the forest is located, or their conversion into
plantation forests, and harvesting on vulnerable soils; that
harvesting is carried out in compliance with maximum
thresholds for large clear-cuts as defined in the country
where the forest is located and with locally and
ecologically appropriate retention thresholds for deadwood
extraction; and that harvesting is carried out in compliance
with requirements to use logging systems that minimise
any adverse impact on soil quality, including soil
compaction, and on biodiversity features and habitats;
(v) that harvesting maintains or improves the long-
term production capacity of the forest;
(vi) that forests in which the forest biomass is
harvested do not stem from the lands that have the statuses
referred to in paragraphs (a), (b), (d) and (e) of sub-
regulation (7), paragraph (a) of sub-regulation (8), and sub-
regulation (9) respectively, under the same conditions of
determination of the status of land specified in those
paragraphs; and
(vii) that installations producing biofuels, bioliquids
and biomass fuels from forest biomass, issue a statement of
assurance, underpinned by company-level internal
processes, for the purpose of the audits conducted pursuant
to sub-regulations (4) to (6) of regulation 5, that the forest
biomass is not sourced from the lands referred to in sub-
paragraph (vi)
Provided that where the conditions established
in sub-paragraphs (vi) and (vii) are not satisfied, sub-
regulation (7) with the exception of paragraph (c), sub-
regulation (8) with the exception of paragraphs (b) and (c)
and sub-regulation (9) shall also apply to biofuels,
bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from forest biomass.
(b) when the evidence referred to in paragraph (a) is not
available, the biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced
from forest biomass shall be taken into account for the purposes
referred to in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1) if
management systems are in place at forest sourcing area level
ensuring
(i)
the legality of harvesting operations;
(ii)
forest regeneration of harvested areas;
(iii) that areas designated by international or
national law or by the relevant competent authority for
nature protection purposes, including in wetlands, in
grassland, in heathland and peatlands, are protected with
the aim of preserving biodiversity and preventing habitat
destruction, unless evidence is provided that the harvesting
of such raw material does not interfere with those nature
protection purposes;
(iv) that harvesting is carried out considering
maintenance of soil quality and biodiversity, in accordance
with sustainable forest management principles, with the
aim of preventing any adverse impact, in a way that avoids
harvesting of stumps and roots, degradation of primary
forests, and of old growth forests as defined in the country
where the forest is located, or their conversion into
plantation forests, and harvesting on vulnerable soils; that
harvesting is carried out in compliance with maximum
thresholds for large clear-cuts as defined in the country
where the forest is located, and with locally and
ecologically appropriate retention thresholds for deadwood
extraction; and that harvesting is carried out in compliance
with requirements to use logging systems that minimise
any adverse impact on soil quality, including soil
compaction, and on biodiversity features and habitats; and
(v) that harvesting maintains or improves the long-
term production capacity of the forest.
(11) Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from
forest biomass taken into account for the purposes referred to in
paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1) shall satisfy the
following land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) criteria
(a) the country or regional economic integration
organisation of origin of the forest biomass is a Party to the Paris
Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change; and
(i) it has submitted a nationally determined
contribution to the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC), covering emissions and
removals from agriculture, forestry and land use sectors
which ensures that changes in carbon stock associated with
biomass harvest are accounted towards the country’s
commitment to reduce or limit greenhouse gas emissions as
specified in the nationally determined contribution; or
(ii) it has national or sub-national laws in place, in
accordance with Article 5 of the Paris Agreement,
applicable in the area of harvest, to conserve and enhance
carbon stocks and sinks, and providing evidence that
reported LULUCF-sector emissions do not exceed
removals;
(b) where the evidence referred to in paragraph (a) is not
available, the biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced
from forest biomass shall be taken into account for the purposes
referred to in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1) if
management systems are in place at forest sourcing area level to
ensure that carbon stocks and sinks levels in the forest are
maintained, or strengthened over the long term.
(12) The greenhouse gas emission savings from the use of
biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels taken into account for the
purposes referred to in sub-regulation (1) shall be
(a) at least fifty percent (50%) for biofuels, biogas
consumed in the transport sector, and bioliquids produced in
installations in operation on or before 5th October 2015;
(b) at least sixty percent (60%) for biofuels, biogas
consumed in the transport sector, and bioliquids produced in
installations which started operating from 6th October 2015 until
31st December 2020;
(c) at least sixty-five percent (65%) for biofuels, biogas
consumed in the transport sector, and bioliquids produced in
installations which started operating from 1st January 2021;
(d) for electricity, heating and cooling production from
biomass fuels used in installations that started operating after
20th November 2023, at least eighty percent (80%);
(e) for electricity, heating and cooling production from
biomass fuels used in installations with a total rated thermal
input equal to or exceeding ten megawatts (10 MW) that started
operating between 1st January 2021 and 20th November 2023, at
least seventy percent (70%) until 31 st December 2029, and at
least eighty percent (80%) from 1 st January 2030;
(f) for electricity, heating and cooling production from
gaseous biomass fuels used in installations with a total rated
thermal input equal to or lower than ten megawatts (10 MW) that
started operating between 1st January 2021 and 20th November
2023, at least seventy percent (70%) before they have been
operating for fifteen (15) years, and at least eighty percent (80%)
after they have been in operation for fifteen (15) years;
(g) for electricity, heating and cooling production from
biomass fuels used in installations with a total rated thermal
input equal to or exceeding ten megawatts (10 MW) that started
operating before 1st January 2021, at least eighty percent (80%)
after they have been operating for fifteen (15) years, at the
earliest from 1st January 2026 and at the latest from 31st
December 2029;
(h) for electricity, heating and cooling production from
gaseous biomass fuels used in installations with a total rated
thermal input equal to or lower than ten megawatts (10 MW) that
started operating before 1 st January 2021, at least eighty percent
(80%) after they have been operating for fifteen (15) years and at
the earliest from 1 st January 2026
Provided that an installation shall be considered to be
in operation once the physical production of biofuels, biogas
consumed in the transport sector and bioliquids, and the physical
production of heating and cooling and electricity from biomass
fuels has started.
(13) The greenhouse gas emission savings from the use of
biofuels, biogas consumed in the transport sector, bioliquids and
biomass fuels used in installations producing heating, cooling and
electricity shall be calculated in accordance with regulation 6(1).
(14) The production of biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels
from domestic forest biomass shall be consistent with Malta’s
commitments and targets stipulated in Article 4 of Regulation (EU)
2018/841 and with the relative policies and measures described in
Malta’s integrated national energy and climate plans submitted
pursuant to Articles 3 and 14 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1999.
(15) Following the inclusion within Malta’s national energy and
climate plan of
(a) an assessment of the domestic supply of forest
biomass available for energy purposes in 2021-2030;
(b) an assessment of the compatibility of the projected
use of forest biomass for the production of energy with Malta’s
targets and budgets for 2026 to 2030 stipulated in Article 4 of
Regulation (EU) 2018/841; and
(c) a description of the national measures and policies
ensuring compatibility with those targets and budgets,
a report on the measures and policies referred to in paragraph (c)
shall be included in Malta’s integrated national energy and climate
progress reports submitted pursuant to Article 17 of Regulation (EU)
2018/1999.
(16) Electricity from biomass fuels shall be taken into account
for the purposes referred to in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-
regulation (1) only if it satisfies one (1) or more of the following
requirements
(a) it is produced in installations with a total rated
thermal input below fifty megawatts (50 MW);
(b) for installations with a total rated thermal input from
fifty to one hundred megawatts (50 - 100 MW), it is produced
applying high-efficiency cogeneration technology or, for
electricity-only installations, meeting an energy efficiency level
associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AEELs) as
defined in Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2017/1442
of 31 July 2017 establishing best available techniques (BAT)
conclusions, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European
Parliament and of the Council, for large combustion plants
(notified under document C(2017) 5225);
(c) for installations with a total rated thermal input above
one hundred megawatts (100 MW), it is produced applying high-
efficiency cogeneration technology or, for electricity-only
installations, achieving a net-electrical efficiency of at least
thirty-six percent (36%);
(d)
it is produced applying biomass CO 2 capture and
storage
Provided that for the purposes of paragraphs (a), (b)
and (c) of sub-regulation (1), electricity-only-installations shall
be taken into account only if they do not use fossil fuels as a
main fuel and only if there is no cost-effective potential for the
application of high-efficiency cogeneration technology
according to the assessment carried out in accordance with the
Energy Efficiency Regulations.
(17) Sub-regulation (16) shall
(a) apply only to installations starting operation or
converted to the use of biomass fuels after 25 December 2021 for
the purposes of paragraphs (a) and (b) of sub-regulation (1);
(b) be without prejudice to support granted under support
schemes in accordance with regulation 22 of the Promotion of
Energy from Renewable Sources Regulations approved by 25
December 2021 for the purposes of paragraph (c) of sub-
regulation (1);
(c) not apply to electricity from installations which are
the object of a specific notification to the European Commission
based on the duly substantiated existence of risks for the security
of supply of electricity
Provided that higher energy efficiency requirements
may be applied to installations with lower rated thermal input.
(18) For the purposes referred to in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of
sub-regulation (1), and without prejudice to regulations 14 and 15 of
the Promotion of Energy from Renewable Sources Regulations, the
Regulator shall not refuse to take into account, on other sustainability
grounds, biofuels and bioliquids obtained in compliance with this
regulation, provided that this sub-regulation shall be without prejudice
to public support granted under support schemes approved before 24th
December 2018.
(19) For the purposes referred to in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of
sub-regulation (1), additional sustainability criteria for biomass fuels
may be established.
(20) Until 31st December 2030, energy from biofuels, bioliquids
and biomass fuels may also be taken into account for the purposes
referred to in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1), where
(a) support was granted before 20th November 2023, in
accordance with the sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions
saving criteria established in Article 29 of the Directive in its
version in force on 29th September 2020; and
(b) support was granted in the form of a long-term
support for which a fixed amount had been determined at the
start of the support period and a correction mechanism is
established to ensure the absence of overcompensation.
Part A.
PROVISIONAL ESTIMATED INDIRECT LAND-USE CHANGE EMISSIONS FROM BIOFUEL,
BIOLIQUID AND BIOMASS FUEL FEEDSTOCK (g CO 2 eq/MJ) ( Note 1 )
Mean ( 1 )
Feedstock group
Interpercentile range derived from
the sensitivity analysis ( 2 )
Cereals and other starch-
8 to 16
rich crops
Sugars
4 to 17
Oil crops
33 to 66
( 1 ) The mean values included here represent a weighted average of the
individually modelled feedstock values.
( 2 ) The range included here reflects 90 % of the results using the fifth and
ninety-fifth percentile values resulting from the analysis. The fifth percentile
suggests a value below which 5 % of the observations were found (namely,
5% of total data used showed results below 8, 4, and 33 g CO 2 eq/MJ). The
ninety-fifth percentile suggests a value below which 95 % of the observations
were found (namely, 5 % of total data used showed results above 16, 17, and
66 g CO 2 eq/MJ).
Part B.
BIOFUELS, BIOLIQUIDS AND BIOMASS FUELS FOR WHICH THE ESTIMATED INDIRECT LAND-
USE CHANGE EMISSIONS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE ZERO
Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from the following feedstock categories will be considered to
have estimated indirect land-use change emissions of zero
(1) feedstocks which are not listed under Part A of this Schedule.
(2) feedstocks, the production of which has led to direct land -use change, namely, a change from one of the
following IPCC land cover categories: forest land, grassland, wetlands, settlements, or other land, to cropland or
perennial cropland ( Note 2 ). In such a case a direct land-use change emission value (e l ) should have been calculated
in accordance with item 7 of Part C of the First Schedule.
Notes to this Schedule
(Note 1) The mean values reported here represent a weighted average of the individually modelled feedstock values. The magnitude of the
values in the Schedule is sensitive to the range of assumptions (such as treatment of co -products, yield developments, carbon stocks and
displacement of other commodities) used in the economic models developed for their estimation. Although it is therefore not p ossible to
fully characterise the uncertainty range associated with such estimates, a sensitivity analysis conducted on the results based on a random
variation of key parameters, a so-called Monte Carlo analysis, was conducted.
(Note 2) Perennial crops are defined as multi-annual crops, the stem of which is usually not annually harvested such as short rotation
coppice and oil palm.
(1) Energy from renewable fuels of non-biological origin Greenhouse gas
shall be counted towards Malta’s shares of renewable energy and the emissions
saving criteria
targets referred to in regulation 3(1)(a) only if the greenhouse gas for
fuels of non-
emissions savings from the use of those fuels are at least seventy biological origin
and recycled
percent (70%).
carbon fuels.
(2) Energy from recycled carbon fuels may be counted towards
the targets for the amount of renewable fuels and renewable electricity
supplied to the transport sector only if the greenhouse gas emissions
savings from the use of those fuels are at least seventy percent (70%).
Consequential Amendments to other legislation
Legislation
Provision
Text that shall be
Amendment
amended
Regulator for Energy and Water
First Schedule
"Biofuels,
"Biofuels,
Services Act - Cap. 545
Bioliquids and
Bioliquids and
Biomass Fuels
Biomass Fuels
(Sustainability
(Sustainability
Criteria)
Criteria)
Regulations, (S.L.
Regulations, (S.L.
545.37)"
545.45.)"
Biofuels and Bioliquids Market
marginal note
"S.L. 545.37."
"S.L. 545.45."
Regulations – S.L. 545.15
to regulation
Petroleum for the Inland (Wholesale)
marginal note
"S.L. 545.37."
"S.L. 545.45."
Fuel Market, Bottling of LPG and
in regulation
Primary Storage Facilities
33(5)
Regulations – S.L. 545.17
Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions
marginal note
"S.L. 545.37"
"S.L. 545.45."
from Fuels Regulations – S.L. 643.01
to regulation 2
– definition of
"low indirect
land-use
change-risk
biofuels"
marginal note
"S.L. 545.37"
"S.L. 545.45."
in regulation
3(1)
marginal note
"S.L. 545.37"
"S.L. 545.45."
in regulation
3(4)
€6.48
(1) Where renewable fuels and recycled carbon fuels are Verification of
to be counted towards the targets referred to in regulation 3(1)(a), compliance
the
economic operators are required to show, by means of mandatory sustainability
and greenhouse
independent and transparent audits, in accordance with the gas emissions
implementing act adopted pursuant to paragraph 8 of Article 30 of the saving criteria.
Directive, that the sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions saving
criteria stipulated in regulation 3(6) to (13) and regulation 4 for
renewable fuels and recycled-carbon fuels have been fulfilled and to
that end, economic operators are required to use a mass balance system
which
(a) allows consignments of raw material or fuels with
differing sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions saving
characteristics to be mixed for instance in a container, processing
or logistical facility, transmission and distribution infrastructure
or site;
(b) allows consignments of raw material with differing
energy content to be mixed for the purposes of further
processing, provided that the size of consignments is adjusted
according to their energy content;
(c) requires information about the sustainability and
greenhouse gas emissions saving characteristics and sizes of the
consignments referred to in paragraph (a) to remain assigned to
the mixture; and
(d) provides for the sum of all consignments withdrawn
from the mixture to be described as having the same
sustainability characteristics, in the same quantities, as the sum
of all consignments added to the mixture and requires that this
balance be achieved over an appropriate period of time.
(2) The mass balance system referred to in sub-regulation (1)
shall ensure that each consignment is counted only once when
calculating the gross final consumption of electricity from renewable
sources, the gross final consumption of energy from renewable sources
in the heating and cooling sector and the final consumption of energy
from renewable sources in the transport sector, for the purposes of
calculating the gross final consumption of energy from renewable
sources, and shall include information on whether support has been
provided for the production of such consignment, and in that case, on
the type of support scheme.
(3) Where a consignment is processed, information on the
sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions saving characteristics of
the consignment shall be adjusted and assigned to the output in
accordance with the following rules
(a) when the processing of a consignment of raw material
yields only one (1) output that is intended for the production of
biofuels, bioliquids or biomass fuels, renewable fuels of non-
biological origin, or recycled carbon fuels, the size of the
consignment and the related quantities of sustainability and
greenhouse gas emissions saving characteristics shall be adjusted
applying a conversion factor representing the ratio between the
mass of the output that is intended for such production and the
mass of the raw material entering the process;
(b) when the processing of a consignment of raw material
yields more than one (1) output that is intended for the
production of biofuels, bioliquids or biomass fuels, renewable
fuels of non-biological origin, or recycled carbon fuels, for each
output a separate conversion factor shall be applied and a
separate mass balance shall be used.
(4) Economic operators shall submit reliable information to the
Regulator regarding the compliance with the sustainability and
greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria stipulated in regulation 3(6)
to (13) and regulation 4 and shall make available to the Regulator
when so requested, and to any competent authority within any relevant
Member State, as the case may be, and upon request, the data used to
develop such information
Provided that the Regulator may require the availability of
this information on behalf of such other competent authority.
(5) Economic operators are required to arrange for an adequate
standard of independent auditing of the information submitted, and to
provide evidence to the Regulator that this has been carried out
Provided that in order to comply with paragraphs (a), (b),
(d) and (e) of regulation 3(7), with paragraph (a) of regulation 3(8),
with regulation 3(9), with paragraph (a) of regulation 3(10), and with
paragraph (a) of regulation 3(11), the first or second party auditing
may be used up to the first gathering point of the forest biomass.
(6) The auditing referred to in sub-regulation (5) shall verify
that the systems used by economic operators are accurate, reliable and
protected against fraud, including verification ensuring that materials
are not intentionally modified or discarded to allow the consignment or
part thereof to become a waste or residue, and shall furthermore also
evaluate the frequency and methodology of sampling and the
robustness of the data.
(7) The auditing referred to in sub-regulation (5) is to conform
with the following
(a) economic operators who are producers of biofuels,
bioliquids or biomass fuels, renewable fuels of non-biological
origin, or recycled carbon fuels shall ensure that auditing and
verification is to be compiled
(i) under voluntary national or international
schemes approved by the European Commission; or
(ii) under national schemes which may be set up
pursuant to sub-regulation (12); and
(b) economic operators importing biofuels, bioliquids or
biomass fuels, renewable fuels of non-biological origin, or
recycled carbon fuels shall ensure that such auditing and
verification shall be compiled
(i) under voluntary national or international
schemes approved by the European Commission; or
(ii) under national schemes approved by Member
States which comply with the sustainability criteria
contained in the Directive.
(8) The obligations stipulated in sub-regulations (4) to (7) shall
apply regardless of whether renewable fuels and recycled carbon fuels
are produced within or are imported into the Union.
(9) Economic operators and suppliers shall make the
information about the geographic origin and feedstock type of
biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels available to consumers in an up-
to-date, easily accessible, and user-friendly manner on their websites
and shall update such information on an annual basis.
(10) The Regulator shall submit to the Minister, in aggregated
form, the information referred to in sub-regulation (4), for
transmission to the European Commission.
(11) Any voluntary national scheme setting standards for the
production of renewable fuels and recycled carbon fuels, shall comply
with requests by the European Commission to provide accurate data on
greenhouse gas emissions savings for the purposes of regulations 3(12)
and (13) and regulation 4, to demonstrate compliance with sub-
regulations (3) to (5) of regulation 16 of the Promotion of Energy from
Renewable Sources Regulations, with sub-regulations (6) to (8) of
regulation 7 and with regulation 8, or to demonstrate that
consignments of biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels comply with
the sustainability criteria stipulated in sub-regulations (6) to (11) of
regulation 3
Provided that when demonstrating that the criteria
stipulated in sub-regulations (10) and (11) of regulation 3 are satisfied,
the operators may provide the required evidence directly at sourcing
area level.
(12) A national scheme may be established where compliance
with the sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria
stipulated in sub-regulations (6) to (13) of regulation 3 and in
regulation 4, in accordance with the methodology developed under
Article 29a(3) of the Directive, is verified throughout the entire chain
of custody involving competent authorities.
(13) The scheme described in sub-regulation (12) may also be
used to verify the accuracy and completeness of the information
included by economic operators in the Union database, to demonstrate
compliance with sub-regulations (3) to (5) of regulation 16 of the
Promotion of Energy from Renewable Sources Regulations and for the S.L. 545.43.
certification of biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels with low indirect
land-use change-risk.
(14) The Minister may notify a national scheme as described in
sub-regulation (12) to the Commission for assessment.
(15) Any national scheme established in Malta which has been
recognised by the European Commission shall, with regards to
verification of compliance with the criteria for which it has been
recognised, mutually recognise any other Member States’ national
schemes found upon assessment by the European Commission to
comply with conditions stipulated in the Directive.
(16) A simplified national verification scheme for installations
producing electricity, heating and cooling with a total rated thermal
input between seven point five and twenty megawatts (7.5 - 20 MW)
may be established to ensure the fulfilment of the sustainability and
greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria established in sub-regulations
(6) to (13) of regulation 3
Provided that such schemes shall comply with any uniform
conditions which may be established by the European Commission
through implementing acts adopted for the purpose of ensuring the
fulfilment of the necessary sustainability and greenhouse gas
emissions saving criteria.
(17) Where an economic operator provides evidence or data
obtained in accordance with a scheme that has been the subject of a
decision of the European Commission, the Regulator shall not require
the economic operator to provide further evidence of compliance with
the elements covered by the scheme, for which the scheme has been
recognised by the European Commission.
(1) For the purposes of sub-regulations (12) and (13) of Calculation of
regulation 3, the greenhouse gas emissions saving from the use of the
gas impact of
biofuel, bioliquids and biomass fuels shall be calculated in one of the biofuels,
bioliquids and
following ways
biomass fuels.
(a) where a default value for greenhouse gas emissions
saving for the production pathway is stipulated in Part A or B of
the First Schedule for biofuels and bioliquids and in Part A of the
Second Schedule for biomass fuels where the e l value for those
biofuels or bioliquids calculated in accordance with item 7 of
Part C of the First Schedule and for those biomass fuels
calculated in accordance with item 7 of Part B of the Second
Schedule is equal to or less than zero, by using that default value;
(b) by using an actual value calculated in accordance
with the methodology stipulated in Part C of the First Schedule
for biofuels and bioliquids and in Part B of the Second Schedule
for biomass fuels;
(c) by using a value calculated as the sum of the factors
of the formulas referred to in item 1 of Part C of the First
Schedule, where disaggregated default values in Part D or E of
the First Schedule may be used for some factors, and actual
values, calculated in accordance with the methodology stipulated
in Part C of the First Schedule, are used for all other factors;
(d) by using a value calculated as the sum of the factors
of the formulas referred to in item 1 of Part B of the Second
Schedule, where disaggregated default values in Part C of the
Second Schedule may be used for some factors, and actual
values, calculated in accordance with the methodology stipulated
in Part B of the Second Schedule, are used for all other factors.
(2) The Minister may submit to the European Commission
reports including information on the typical greenhouse gas emissions
from the cultivation of agricultural raw materials of the areas classified
as level 2 in the nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (NUTS)
or as a more disaggregated NUTS level in accordance with Regulation
(EC) No 1059/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of
26 May 2003 on the establishment of a common classification of
territorial units for statistics (NUTS).
(3) Those reports referred to in sub-regulation (2) shall be
accompanied by a description of the method and data sources used to
calculate the level of emissions, and the method shall take into account
soil characteristics, climate and expected raw material yields.
(1) The relevant economic operators shall enter accurate
data into the Union database comprised of the following information
(a)
the transactions made;
(b) the sustainability characteristics of the fuels subject
to those transactions, including their life-cycle greenhouse gas
emissions, starting from their point of production to the moment
they are placed on the market in the Union;
(c)
whether support has been provided for the production
of a specific consignment of fuel, and in this case, the type of
support scheme
Provided that the relative economic operators shall
comply with the requirements established in Annex I of
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/996 of 14
June 2022 on rules to verify sustainability and greenhouse gas
emissions saving criteria and low indirect land-use change-risk
criteria in making such entries.
(2) For the purposes of sub-regulation (1) the interconnected
gas system shall be considered to be a single mass balance system.
(3) Data on the injection and withdrawal of renewable gaseous
fuels shall be provided in the Union database.
(4) Fuel suppliers shall enter the data necessary to verify
compliance with any substitution obligation which they are subject to
into the Union database.
(5) The Regulator shall have access to the Union database for
the purposes of monitoring and data verification.
(6) The accuracy and completeness of the data entered by
economic operators into the Union database shall be verified by the
Regulator
Provided that such verification may be complemented by a
system of guarantees of origin.
(7) The verification described in the sub-regulation (6) may be
carried out through the use of certification bodies in the framework of
voluntary schemes recognised by the Commission pursuant to Article
30(4) and (5) of the Directive or a national scheme as described in
regulation 5(12).
(8) For the purposes of sub-regulation (7) voluntary or national
schemes may use third-party data systems as intermediaries to collect
the data, if such use has been notified to the Commission.
(1) The Regulator may impose an administrative penalty Administrative
upon any person who breaches any provision of these regulations or penalties.
who fails to comply with any directive or decision given by the
Regulator in ensuring compliance with these regulations.
(2) An administrative penalty imposed under sub-regulation
(1) shall not exceed one hundred thousand euro (€100,000).
(3) An administrative penalty imposed under sub-regulation
(1) shall follow the applicable procedure thereto in accordance with
article 13 of the Act and any appeal therefrom shall be made in terms
of Part VI of the Act.
(1) The Biofuels, Bioliquids and Biomass Fuels
(Sustainability Criteria) Regulations are hereby repealed without
prejudice to anything done or omitted to be done thereunder.
(2) Upon the coming into force of these regulations, the words
and phrases referred to in the third column of the Fourth Schedule,
which words and phrases occur in the provisions specified in the
second column of the said Schedule, which provisions are to be found
in the enactments referred to in the first column of the said Schedule,
shall be amended in accordance with the amendments referred to in the
fourth column of the said Schedule.
The Commission shall review, by 31 December 2020, guidelines for the calculation of land carbon stocks ( Note
) drawing on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories – volume 4 and in accordance
with Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 and Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the
Council ( Note 6 ). The Commission guidelines shall serve as the basis for the calculation of land carbon stocks for
the purposes of the Directive.
Emissions from processing, e p , shall include emissions from the processing itself; from waste and leakages;
and from the production of chemicals or products used in processing including the CO 2 emissions corresponding
to the carbon contents of fossil inputs, whether or not actually combusted in the process.
In accounting for the consumption of electricity not produced within the fuel production plant, the greenhouse gas
emissions intensity of the production and distribution of that electricity shall be assumed to be equal to the average
emission intensity of the production and distribution of electricity in a defined region. By way of derogation from
this rule, producers may use an average value for an individual electricity production plant for electricity produced
by that plant, if that plant is not connected to the electricity grid.
Emissions from processing shall include emissions from drying of interim products and materials where relevant.
Emissions from transport and distribution, e td , shall include emissions from the transport of raw and semi-
finished materials and from the storage and distribution of finished materials. Emissions from transport and
distribution to be taken into account under item 5 shall not be covered by this item.
Emissions of the fuel in use, e u , shall be taken to be zero for biofuels and bioliquids.
Emissions of non-CO 2 greenhouse gases (N 2 O and CH 4 ) of the fuel in use shall be included in the e u factor for
bioliquids.
Emission savings from CO 2 capture and geological storage, e ccs , that have not already been accounted for in
e p , shall be limited to emissions avoided through the capture and storage of emitted CO 2 directly related to the
extraction, transport, processing and distribution of fuel if stored in compliance with Directive 2009/31/EC of the
European Parliament and of the Council ( Note 7 ).
Emissions savings from CO 2 capture and replacement, e ccr , shall be related directly to the production of the
biofuels or bioliquids to which they are attributed, and shall be limited to emissions avoided through the capture
of CO 2 of which the carbon originates from biomass and which is used to replace fossil-derived CO 2 in the
production of commercial products and services before 1 January 2036.
Where a cogeneration unit – providing heat and/or electricity to a fuel production process for which emissions
are being calculated – produces excess electricity and/or excess useful heat, the greenhouse gas emissions shall
be divided between the electricity and the useful heat according to the temperature of the heat (which reflects the
usefulness (utility) of the heat). The useful part of the heat is found by multiplying its energy content with the
Carnot efficiency, C h , calculated as follows
𝐶 ℎ =
𝑇 ℎ
where
T h = Temperature, measured in absolute temperature (kelvin) of the useful heat at point of delivery.
T 0 = Temperature of surroundings, set at 273.15 kelvin (equal to 0 °C)
If the excess heat is exported for heating of buildings, at a temperature below 150 °C (423.15 kelvin), C h can
alternatively be defined as follows
C h = Carnot efficiency in heat at 150 °C (423.15 kelvin), which is: 0.3546
For the purposes of that calculation, the actual efficiencies shall be used, defined as the annual mechanical energy,
electricity and heat produced respectively divided by the annual energy input.
For the purposes of that calculation, the following definitions apply
(a) ‘cogeneration’ shall mean the simultaneous generation in one process of thermal energy and electrical
and/or mechanical energy;
(b) ‘useful heat’ shall mean heat generated to satisfy an economical justifiable demand for heat, for
heating or cooling purposes;
(c) ‘economically justifiable demand’ shall mean the demand that does not exceed the needs for heat or
cooling and which would otherwise be satisfied at market conditions.
Where a fuel production process produces, in combination, the fuel for which emissions are being calculated
and one or more other products (co-products), greenhouse gas emissions shall be divided between the fuel or its
intermediate product and the co-products in proportion to their energy content (determined by lower heating value
in the case of co-products other than electricity and heat). The greenhouse gas intensity of excess useful heat or
excess electricity is the same as the greenhouse gas intensity of heat or electricity delivered to the fuel production
process and is determined from calculating the greenhouse intensity of all inputs and emissions, including the
feedstock and CH 4 and N 2 O emissions, to and from the cogeneration unit, boiler or other apparatus delivering heat
or electricity to the fuel production process. In the case of cogeneration of electricity and heat, the calculation is
performed following item 16.
For the purposes of the calculations referred to in item 17, the emissions to be divided shall be e ec + e l + e sca
+ those fractions of e p , e td , e ccs and e ccr that take place up to and including the process step at which a co-product
is produced. If any allocation to co-products has taken place at an earlier process step in the life-cycle, the
fraction of those emissions assigned in the last such process step to the intermediate fuel product shall be used
for those purposes instead of the total of those emissions. In the case of biofuels and bioliquids, all co-products
that do not fall under the scope of item 17 shall be taken into account for the purposes of that calculation.
Co-products that have a negative energy content shall be considered to have an energy content of zero for the
purposes of the calculation.
As a general rule, wastes and residues including all wastes and residues included in Annex IX of the Directive
shall be considered to have zero life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions up to the process of collection of those
materials irrespectively of whether they are processed to interim products before being transformed into the final
product.
In the case of biomass fuels produced in refineries, other than the combination of processing plants with boilers
or cogeneration units providing heat and/or electricity to the processing plant, the unit of analysis for the
purposes of the calculation referred to in item 17 shall be the refinery.
For biofuels, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in item 3, the fossil fuel comparator E F(t) shall be
94 g CO 2 eq/MJ.
For bioliquids used for the production of electricity, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in item 3, the
fossil fuel comparator EC F(e) shall be 183 g CO 2 eq/MJ.
For bioliquids used for the production of useful heat, as well as for the production of heating and/or cooling, for
the purposes of the calculation referred to in item 3, the fossil fuel comparator EC F(h&c) shall be 80 g CO 2 eq/MJ.
Notes to Part C of this Schedule
(Note 1) Heat or waste heat is used to generate cooling (chilled air or water) through absorption chillers. Therefore, it is appropriate to
calculate only the emissions associated to the heat produced per MJ of heat, irrespectively if the end-use of the heat is actual heating or
cooling via absorption chillers.
(Note 2) The formula for calculating greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials e ec describes cases where
feedstock is converted into biofuels in one step. For more complex supply chains, adjustments are needed for calculating greenhouse gas
emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials e ec for intermediate products.
(Note 3) Measurements of soil carbon can constitute such evidence, e.g. by a first measurement in advance of the cultivation and subsequent
ones at regular intervals several years apart. In such a case, before the second measurement is available, increase in soil carbon would be
estimated on the basis of representative experiments or soil models. From the second measurement onwards, the measurements would
constitute the basis for determining the existence of an increase in soil carbon and its magnitude..
(Note 4) The quotient obtained by dividing the molecular weight of CO 2 (44.010 g/mol) by the molecular weight of carbon (12.011 g/mol) is
equal to 3.664.
(Note 5) Commission Decision 2010/335/EU of 10 June 2010 on guidelines for the calculation of land carbon stocks for the purpose of
Annex V to Directive 2009/28/EC (OJ L 151, 17.6.2010, p. 19).
(Note 6) Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on the inclusion of greenhouse gas
emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry in the 2030 climate and energy framework, and amending Regulation
(EU) No 525/2013 and Decision No 529/2013/EU (OJ L 156, 19.6.2018, p. 1).
(Note 7) Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide
and amending Council Directive 85/337/EEC, European Parliament and Council Directives 2000/60/EC, 2001/80/EC, 2004/35/EC,
2006/12/EC, 2008/1/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 (OJ L 140, 5.6.2009, p. 114).
Part D.
DISAGGREGATED DEFAULT VALUES FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOLIQUIDS
Disaggregated default values for cultivation: ‘e ec ’ as defined in Part C of this Schedule, including soil N 2 O
emissions
Biofuel and bioliquid production pathway
Greenhouse gas emissions –
Greenhouse gas emissions – default
typical value
value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol
9.6
9.6
corn (maize) ethanol
5
25.5
other cereals excluding corn (maize) ethanol
0
27.0
sugar cane ethanol
17.1
17.1
the part from renewable sources of ETBE
Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
the part from renewable sources of TAEE
Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
rape seed biodiesel
0
32.0
sunflower biodiesel
26.1
26.1
soybean biodiesel
21.2
21.2
palm oil biodiesel
26.0
26.0
waste cooking oil biodiesel
animal fats from rendering biodiesel ( *1 )
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed
4
33.4
hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower
26.9
26.9
hydrotreated vegetable oil from soybean
22.1
22.1
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil
27.3
27.3
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from
rendering ( *1 )
pure vegetable oil from rape seed
33.4
33.4
pure vegetable oil from sunflower
27.2
27.2
pure vegetable oil from soybean
22.2
22.2
pure vegetable oil from palm oil
27.1
27.1
pure oil from waste cooking oil
*1
( ) Applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as category 1 and 2 material in
accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for which emissions related to hygenisation as part of the
rendering are not considered.
Disaggregated default values for cultivation: ‘e ec ’ – for soil N 2 O emissions only (these are already included in the
disaggregated values for cultivation emissions in the ‘e ec ’ table)
Biofuel and bioliquid production pathway
Greenhouse gas emissions –
Greenhouse gas emissions – default
typical value
value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol
4.9
4.9
corn (maize) ethanol
13.7
13.7
other cereals excluding corn (maize) ethanol
14.1
14.1
sugar cane ethanol
2.1
2.1
the part from renewable sources of ETBE
Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
the part from renewable sources of TAEE
Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
rape seed biodiesel
17.6
17.6
sunflower biodiesel
12.2
12.2
soybean biodiesel
13.4
13.4
palm oil biodiesel
16.5
16.5
waste cooking oil biodiesel
animal fats from rendering biodiesel ( *1 )
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed
18.0
18.0
hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower
12.5
12.5
hydrotreated vegetable oil from soybean
13.7
13.7
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil
16.9
16.9
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from
rendering ( *1 )
pure vegetable oil from rape seed
17.6
17.6
pure vegetable oil from sunflower
12.2
12.2
pure vegetable oil from soybean
13.4
13.4
pure vegetable oil from palm oil
16.5
16.5
pure oil from waste cooking oil
( *1 ) Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as category 1 and 2 material in
accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for which emissions related to hygenisation as part of the
rendering are not considered.
Disaggregated default values for processing: ‘e p ’ as defined in Part C of this Schedule
Biofuel and bioliquid production pathway
Greenhouse gas emissions –
Greenhouse gas emissions –
typical value
default value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, natural gas as
18.8
26.3
process fuel in conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, natural gas as
9.7
13.6
process fuel in conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, natural gas as
13.2
18.5
process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, natural gas as
7.6
10.6
process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, lignite as process
27.4
3
fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, lignite as
15.7
22.0
process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in
20.8
29.1
conventional boiler)
corn (maize) ethanol, (natural gas as process fuel in CHP
14.8
20.8
plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (lignite as process fuel in CHP
28.6
1
plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (forest residues as process fuel in
1.8
2.6
CHP plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (natural gas as
21.0
29.3
process fuel in conventional boiler)
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (natural gas as
15.1
21.1
process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (lignite as process
30.3
5
fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (forest residues as
1.5
2.2
process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
sugar cane ethanol
1.3
1.8
the part from renewable sources of ETBE
Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway
used
the part from renewable sources of TAEE
Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway
used
rape seed biodiesel
11.7
16.3
sunflower biodiesel
11.8
16.5
soybean biodiesel
12.1
16.9
palm oil biodiesel (open effluent pond)
30.4
42.6
palm oil biodiesel (process with methane capture at oil
13.2
18.5
mill)
waste cooking oil biodiesel
9.3
13.0
animal fats from rendering biodiesel ( *2 )
13.6
19.1
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed
10.7
15.0
hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower
10.5
14.7
hydrotreated vegetable oil from soybean
10.9
15.2
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (open effluent
27.8
38.9
pond)
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (process with
9.7
13.6
methane capture at oil mill)
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil
10.2
14.3
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from rendering ( *2 )
14.5
20.3
pure vegetable oil from rape seed
3.7
5.2
pure vegetable oil from sunflower
3.8
5.4
pure vegetable oil from soybean
4.2
5.9
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (open effluent pond)
22.6
31.7
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane
4.7
6.5
capture at oil mill)
pure oil from waste cooking oil
0.6
0.8
( *1 ) Default values for processes using CHP are valid only if all the process heat is supplied by CHP.
( *2 ) Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as category 1 and 2 material in
accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for which emissions related to hygenisation as part of the
rendering are not considered.
Disaggregated default values for oil extraction only (these are already included in the disaggregated values for
processing emissions in the ‘e p ’ table)
Biofuel and bioliquid production pathway
Greenhouse gas emissions –
Greenhouse gas emissions –
typical value
default value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
rape seed biodiesel
3.0
4.2
sunflower biodiesel
2.9
4.0
soybean biodiesel
3.2
4.4
palm oil biodiesel (open effluent pond)
20.9
29.2
palm oil biodiesel (process with methane capture at oil
3.7
5.1
mill)
waste cooking oil biodiesel
*1
animal fats from rendering biodiesel ( )
4.3
6.1
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed
3.1
4.4
hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower
3.0
4.1
hydrotreated vegetable oil from soybean
3.3
4.6
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (open effluent
21.9
30.7
pond)
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (process with
3.8
5.4
methane capture at oil mill)
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from rendering ( *1 )
4.3
6.0
pure vegetable oil from rape seed
3.1
4.4
pure vegetable oil from sunflower
3.0
4.2
pure vegetable oil from soybean
3.4
4.7
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (open effluent pond)
21.8
30.5
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane
3.8
5.3
capture at oil mill)
pure oil from waste cooking oil
*1
( ) Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as category 1 and 2 material in
accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for which emissions related to hygenisation as part of the
rendering are not considered.
Disaggregated default values for transport and distribution: ‘e td ’ as defined in Part C of this Schedule
Biofuel and bioliquid production pathway
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
emissions –
emissions – default
typical value
value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, natural gas as process fuel
2.3
2.3
in conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, natural gas as process
fuel in conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, natural gas as process fuel
in CHP plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, natural gas as process
fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, lignite as process fuel in
CHP plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, lignite as process fuel in
CHP plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in conventional
boiler)
corn (maize) ethanol (lignite as process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (forest residues as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in
CHP plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (lignite as process fuel in
CHP plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (forest residues as process
fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
sugar cane ethanol
the part from renewable sources of ETBE
the part from renewable sources of TAEE
rape seed biodiesel
sunflower biodiesel
soybean biodiesel
palm oil biodiesel (open effluent pond)
palm oil biodiesel (process with methane capture at oil mill)
waste cooking oil biodiesel
*1
animal fats from rendering biodiesel ( )
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed
hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower
hydrotreated vegetable oil from soybean
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (open effluent pond)
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane
capture at oil mill)
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil
*2
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from rendering ( )
pure vegetable oil from rape seed
pure vegetable oil from sunflower
1.7
1.7
pure vegetable oil from soybean
8.8
8.8
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (open effluent pond)
6.7
6.7
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane capture at
6.7
6.7
oil mill)
pure oil from waste cooking oil
1.4
1.4
*1
( ) Default values for processes using CHP are valid only if all the process heat is supplied by CHP.
( *2 ) Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as category 1 and 2 material
in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for which emissions related to hygenisation as part of the
rendering are not considered.
Disaggregated default values for transport and distribution of final fuel only. These are already included in the
table of ‘transport and distribution emissions e td ’ as defined in Part C of this Schedule, but the following values
are useful if an economic operator wishes to declare actual transport emissions for crops or oil transport only).
Biofuel and bioliquid production pathway
Greenhouse gas emissions –
Greenhouse gas emissions –
typical value
default value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, natural gas as
1.6
1.6
process fuel in conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, natural gas
1.6
1.6
as process fuel in conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, natural gas as
1.6
1.6
process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, natural gas
1.6
1.6
as process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, lignite as
1.6
1.6
process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, lignite as
1.6
1.6
process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in
1.6
1.6
conventional boiler)
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in CHP
1.6
1.6
plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (lignite as process fuel in CHP
1.6
1.6
plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (forest residues as process fuel in
1.6
1.6
CHP plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (natural gas as
1.6
1.6
process fuel in conventional boiler)
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (natural gas as
1.6
1.6
process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (lignite as
1.6
1.6
process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (forest residues
1.6
1.6
as process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
sugar cane ethanol
6.0
6.0
the part of ethyl-tertio-butyl-ether (ETBE) from
Will be considered to be equal to that of the ethanol
renewable ethanol
production pathway used
the part of tertiary-amyl-ethyl-ether (TAEE) from
Will be considered to be equal to that of the ethanol
renewable ethanol
production pathway used
rape seed biodiesel
1.3
1.3
sunflower biodiesel
1.3
1.3
soybean biodiesel
1.3
1.3
palm oil biodiesel (open effluent pond)
1.3
1.3
palm oil biodiesel (process with methane capture at oil
1.3
1.3
mill)
waste cooking oil biodiesel
1.3
1.3
animal fats from rendering biodiesel ( *2 )
1.3
1.3
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed
1.2
1.2
hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower
1.2
1.2
hydrotreated vegetable oil from soybean
1.2
1.2
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (open effluent
1.2
1.2
pond)
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (process with
1.2
1.2
methane capture at oil mill)
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil
1.2
1.2
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from rendering ( *2 )
1.2
1.2
pure vegetable oil from rape seed
0.8
0.8
pure vegetable oil from sunflower
0.8
0.8
pure vegetable oil from soybean
0.8
0.8
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (open effluent pond)
0.8
0.8
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane
0.8
0.8
capture at oil mill)
pure oil from waste cooking oil
0.8
0.8
( *1 ) Default values for processes using CHP are valid only if all the process heat is supplied by CHP.
( *2 ) Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as category 1 and 2 material in
accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for which emissions related to hygenisation as part of the
rendering are not considered.
Total for cultivation, processing, transport and distribution
Biofuel and bioliquid production pathway
Greenhouse gas emissions –
Greenhouse gas emissions –
typical value
default value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, natural gas as
30.7
38.2
process fuel in conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, natural gas as
21.6
25.5
process fuel in conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, natural gas as
25.1
30.4
process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, natural gas as
19.5
22.5
process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop, lignite as process
39.3
2
fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop, lignite as
27.6
33.9
process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in
48.5
8
conventional boiler)
corn (maize) ethanol, (natural gas as process fuel in CHP
42.5
48.5
plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (lignite as process fuel in CHP
56.3
8
plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (forest residues as process fuel in
29.5
30.3
CHP plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (natural gas as
50.2
58.5
process fuel in conventional boiler)
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (natural gas as
44.3
50.3
process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (lignite as process
59.5
7
fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol (forest residues as
30.7
31.4
process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 )
sugar cane ethanol
28.1
28.6
the part from renewable sources of ETBE
Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway
used
the part from renewable sources of TAEE
Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway
used
rape seed biodiesel
45.5
50.1
sunflower biodiesel
40.0
44.7
soybean biodiesel
42.2
47.0
palm oil biodiesel (open effluent pond)
63.3
5
palm oil biodiesel (process with methane capture at oil
46.1
51.4
mill)
waste cooking oil biodiesel
11.2
14.9
*1
animals fats from rendering biodiesel ( )
15.2
20.7
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed
45.8
50.1
hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower
39.4
43.6
hydrotreated vegetable oil from soybean
42.2
46.5
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (open effluent
62.1
73.2
pond)
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (process with
44.0
47.9
methane capture at oil mill)
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil
11.9
16.0
*2
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from rendering ( )
16.0
21.8
pure vegetable oil from rape seed
38.5
40.0
pure vegetable oil from sunflower
32.7
34.3
pure vegetable oil from soybean
35.2
36.9
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (open effluent pond)
56.4
65.5
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane
38.5
40.3
capture at oil mill)
pure oil from waste cooking oil
2.0
2.2
*1
( ) Default values for processes using CHP are valid only if all the process heat is supplied by CHP.
( *2 ) Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as category 1 and 2 material in
accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for which emissions related to hygenisation as part of the
rendering are not considered.
Part E.
ESTIMATED DISAGGREGATED DEFAULT VALUES FOR FUTURE BIOFUELS AND BIOLIQUIDS
THAT WERE NOT ON THE MARKET OR WERE ONLY ON THE MARKET IN NEGLIGIBLE
QUANTITIES IN 2016
Disaggregated default values for cultivation: ‘e ec ’ as defined in Part C of this Schedule, including N 2 O emissions
(including chipping of waste or farmed wood)
Biofuel and bioliquid production pathway
Greenhouse gas emissions –
Greenhouse gas emissions –
typical value
default value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol
1.8
1.8
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-standing
3.3
3.3
plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-standing
8.2
8.2
plant
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-standing
3.3
3.3
plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-standing
8.2
8.2
plant
waste wood dimethylether (DME) in free-standing
3.1
3.1
plant
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in free-standing
7.6
7.6
plant
waste wood methanol in free-standing plant
3.1
3.1
farmed wood methanol in free-standing plant
7.6
7.6
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-liquor gasification
2.5
2.5
integrated with pulp mill
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-liquor gasification
2.5
2.5
integrated with pulp mill
dimethylether (DME) from black-liquor gasification
2.5
2.5
integrated with pulp mill
Methanol from black-liquor gasification integrated
2.5
2.5
with pulp mill
the part from renewable sources of MTBE
Equal to that of the methanol production pathway
used
Disaggregated default values for soil N 2 O emissions (included in disaggregated default values for cultivation
emissions in the ‘e ec ’ table)
Biofuel and bioliquid production pathway
Greenhouse gas emissions –
Greenhouse gas emissions –
typical value
default value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-
standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-
4.4
4.4
standing plant
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-
standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-
4.4
4.4
standing plant
waste wood dimethylether (DME) in free-
standing plant
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in free-
4.1
4.1
standing plant
waste wood methanol in free-standing plant
farmed wood methanol in free-standing plant
4.1
4.1
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-liquor
gasification integrated with pulp mill
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-liquor
gasification integrated with pulp mill
dimethylether (DME) from black-liquor
gasification integrated with pulp mill
Methanol from black-liquor
gasification
integrated with pulp mill
the part from renewable sources of MTBE
Equal to that of the methanol production pathway used
Disaggregated default values for processing: ‘e p ’ as defined in Part C of this Schedule
Biofuel and bioliquid production pathway
Greenhouse gas emissions –
Greenhouse gas emissions – default
typical value
value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol
4.8
6.8
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-
0.1
0.1
standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-
0.1
0.1
standing plant
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-
0.1
0.1
standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-
0.1
0.1
standing plant
waste wood dimethylether (DME) in free-
standing plant
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in free-
standing plant
waste wood methanol in free-standing plant
farmed wood methanol in free-standing plant
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-liquor
gasification integrated with pulp mill
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-liquor
gasification integrated with pulp mill
dimethylether (DME) from black-liquor
gasification integrated with pulp mill
methanol from black-liquor
gasification
integrated with pulp mill
the part from renewable sources of MTBE
Equal to that of the methanol production pathway used
Disaggregated default values for transport and distribution: ‘e td ’ as defined in Part C of this Schedule
Biofuel and bioliquid production pathway
Greenhouse gas emissions –
Greenhouse gas emissions –
typical value
default value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol
7.1
7.1
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-standing
12.2
12.2
plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-standing
8.4
8.4
plant
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-standing
12.2
12.2
plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-standing
8.4
8.4
plant
waste wood dimethylether (DME) in free-standing plant
12.1
12.1
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in free-standing
8.6
8.6
plant
waste wood methanol in free-standing plant
12.1
12.1
farmed wood methanol in free-standing plant
8.6
8.6
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-liquor gasification
7.7
7.7
integrated with pulp mill
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-liquor gasification
7.9
7.9
integrated with pulp mill
dimethylether (DME) from black-liquor gasification
7.7
7.7
integrated with pulp mill
methanol from black-liquor gasification integrated with
7.9
7.9
pulp mill
the part from renewable sources of MTBE
Equal to that of the methanol production pathway
used
Disaggregated default values for transport and distribution of final fuel only. These are already included in the
table of ‘transport and distribution emissions e td ’ as defined in Part C of this Schedule, but the following values
are useful if an economic operator wishes to declare actual transport emissions for feedstock transport only).
Biofuel and bioliquid production pathway
Greenhouse gas emissions –
Greenhouse gas emissions –
typical value
default value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol
1.6
1.6
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-standing
1.2
1.2
plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-standing
1.2
1.2
plant
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-standing
1.2
1.2
plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-standing
1.2
1.2
plant
waste wood dimethylether (DME) in free-standing
2.0
2.0
plant
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in free-standing
2.0
2.0
plant
waste wood methanol in free-standing plant
2.0
2.0
farmed wood methanol in free-standing plant
2.0
2.0
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-liquor gasification
2.0
2.0
integrated with pulp mill
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-liquor gasification
2.0
2.0
integrated with pulp mill
dimethylether (DME) from black-liquor gasification
2.0
2.0
integrated with pulp mill
methanol from black-liquor gasification integrated
2.0
2.0
with pulp mill
the part from renewable sources of MTBE
Equal to that of the methanol production pathway
used
Total for cultivation, processing, transport and distribution
Biofuel and bioliquid production pathway
Greenhouse gas emissions –
Greenhouse gas emissions –
typical value
default value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol
13.7
15.7
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-standing
15.6
15.6
plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in free-standing
16.7
16.7
plant
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-standing
15.6
15.6
plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in free-standing
16.7
16.7
plant
waste wood dimethylether (DME) in free-standing
15.2
15.2
plant
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in free-standing
16.2
16.2
plant
waste wood methanol in free-standing plant
15.2
15.2
farmed wood methanol in free-standing plant
16.2
16.2
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-liquor gasification
10.2
10.2
integrated with pulp mill
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-liquor gasification
10.4
10.4
integrated with pulp mill
dimethylether (DME) from black-liquor gasification
10.2
10.2
integrated with pulp mill
methanol from black-liquor gasification integrated with
10.4
10.4
pulp mill
the part from renewable sources of MTBE
Equal to that of the methanol production pathway
used
4
12.5
0.8
– 107.3
Close digestate
0.0
0.0
8.9
0.8
– 97.6
0.0
0.0
12.5
0.8
– 97.6
case 2
Open digestate
0.0
74.1
8.9
0.8
– 107.3
0.0
7
12.5
0.8
– 107.3
Close digestate
0.0
4.2
8.9
0.8
– 97.6
0.0
5.9
12.5
0.8
– 97.6
case 3
Open digestate
0.0
83.2
8.9
0.9
– 120.7
0.0
4
12.5
0.9
– 120.7
Close digestate
0.0
4.6
8.9
0.8
– 108.5
0.0
6.4
12.5
0.8
– 108.5
0.0 ( 3 )
Maize
whole case 1
Open digestate
15.6
13.5
8.9
—
15.6
18.9
12.5
0.0
—
plant ( 2 )
Close digestate
15.2
0.0
8.9
0.0
—
15.2
0.0
12.5
0.0
—
case 2
Open digestate
15.6
18.8
8.9
0.0
—
15.6
26.3
12.5
0.0
—
Close digestate
15.2
5.2
8.9
0.0
—
15.2
7.2
12.5
0.0
—
case 3
Open digestate
17.5
21.0
8.9
0.0
—
17.5
29.3
12.5
0.0
—
Close digestate
17.1
5.7
8.9
0.0
—
17.1
7.9
12.5
0.0
—
Biowaste
case 1
Open digestate
0.0
21.8
8.9
0.5
—
0.0
30.6
12.5
0.5
—
Close digestate
0.0
0.0
8.9
0.5
—
0.0
0.0
12.5
0.5
—
case 2
Open digestate
0.0
27.9
8.9
0.5
—
0.0
39.0
12.5
0.5
—
Close digestate
0.0
5.9
8.9
0.5
—
0.0
8.3
12.5
0.5
—
case 3
Open digestate
0.0
31.2
8.9
0.5
—
0.0
43.7
12.5
0.5
—
Close digestate
0.0
6.5
8.9
0.5
—
0.0
9.1
12.5
0.5
—
( 1 ) The values for biogas production from manure include negative emissions for emissions saved from raw manure management. The value of e sca considered is equal
to – 45 g CO 2 eq/MJ manure used in anaerobic digestion.
( 2 ) Maize whole plant means maize harvested as fodder and ensiled for preservation.
( 3 ) Transport of agricultural raw materials to the transformation plant is, according to the methodology provided in the Commission's report of 25 February 2010 on
sustainability requirements for the use of solid and gaseous biomass sources in electricity, heating and cooling, included in the ‘cultivation’ value. The value for
transport of maize silage accounts for 0.4 g CO 2 eq/MJ biogas.
Disaggregated default values for biomethane
Biomethane
Technological option
TYPICAL VALUE [g CO 2 eq/MJ]
DEFAULT VALUE [g CO 2 eq/MJ]
production
Cultivation Processing Upgrading Transport Compression
at Manure
Cultivation Processing Upgrading Transport Compression
at Manure
system
filling station
credits
filling station
credits
Wet manure
Open
no
off-gas
0.0
84.2
19.5
1.0
3.3
– 124.4
0.0
9
27.3
1.0
4.6
– 124.4
digestate
combustion
off-gas
0.0
84.2
4.5
1.0
3.3
– 124.4
0.0
117.9
6.3
1.0
4.6
– 124.4
combustion
Close
no
off-gas
0.0
3.2
19.5
0.9
3.3
– 111.9
0.0
4.4
27.3
0.9
4.6
– 111.9
digestate
combustion
off-gas
0.0
3.2
4.5
0.9
3.3
– 111.9
0.0
4.4
6.3
0.9
4.6
– 111.9
combustion
Maize
whole Open
no
off-gas
18.1
20.1
19.5
0.0
3.3
—
18.1
28.1
27.3
0.0
4.6
—
plant
digestate
combustion
off-gas
18.1
20.1
4.5
0.0
3.3
—
18.1
28.1
6.3
0.0
4.6
—
combustion
Close
no
off-gas
17.6
4.3
19.5
0.0
3.3
—
17.6
6.0
27.3
0.0
4.6
—
digestate
combustion
off-gas
17.6
4.3
4.5
0.0
3.3
—
17.6
6.0
6.3
0.0
4.6
—
combustion
Biowaste
Open
no
off-gas
0.0
30.6
19.5
0.6
3.3
—
0.0
42.8
27.3
0.6
4.6
—
digestate
combustion
off-gas
0.0
30.6
4.5
0.6
3.3
—
0.0
42.8
6.3
0.6
4.6
—
combustion
Close
no
off-gas
0.0
5.1
19.5
0.5
3.3
—
0.0
7.2
27.3
0.5
4.6
—
digestate
combustion
off-gas
0.0
5.1
4.5
0.5
3.3
—
0.0
7.2
6.3
0.5
4.6
—
combustion
Part D.
TOTAL TYPICAL AND DEFAULT VALUES FOR BIOMASS FUEL PATHWAYS
Biomass fuel production system
Transport distance
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
emissions – typical value
emissions – default value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
Woodchips from forest residues
1 to 500 km
500 to 2 500 km
2 500 to 10 000 km
Above 10 000 km
Woodchips from short rotation coppice 2 500 to 10 000 km
(Eucalyptus)
Woodchips from short rotation coppice 1 to 500 km
(Poplar – Fertilised)
500 to 2 500 km
2 500 to 10 000 km
Above 10 000 km
Woodchips from short rotation coppice 1 to 500 km
(Poplar – No fertilisation)
500 to 2 500 km
2 500 to 10 000 km
Above 10 000 km
Woodchips from stemwood
1 to 500 km
500 to 2 500 km
2 500 to 10 000 km
Above 10 000 km
Woodchips from industry residues
1 to 500 km
500 to 2 500 km
2 500 to 10 000 km
Above 10 000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets from forest 1 to 500 km
residues (case 1)
500 to 2 500 km
2 500 to 10 000 km
Above 10 000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets from forest 1 to 500 km
residues (case 2a)
500 to 2 500 km
2 500 to 10 000 km
Above 10 000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets from forest 1 to 500 km
residues (case 3a)
500 to 2 500 km
2 500 to 10 000 km
Above 10 000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets from short 2 500 to 10 000 km
rotation coppice (Eucalyptus – case 1)
Wood briquettes or pellets from short 2 500 to 10 000 km
rotation coppice (Eucalyptus – case 2a)
Wood briquettes or pellets from short 2 500 to 10 000 km
rotation coppice (Eucalyptus – case 3a)
Wood briquettes or pellets from short 1 to 500 km
rotation coppice (Poplar – Fertilised –
500 to 10 000 km
case 1)
Above 10 000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets from short 1 to 500 km
rotation coppice (Poplar – Fertilised –
500 to 10 000 km
case 2a)
Above 10 000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets from short 1 to 500 km
rotation coppice (Poplar – Fertilised –
500 to 10 000 km
case 3a)
Above 10 000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets from short 1 to 500 km
rotation coppice (Poplar – no fertilisation
500 to 10 000 km
– case 1)
Above 10 000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets from short 1 to 500 km
rotation coppice (Poplar – no fertilisation
500 to 10 000 km
– case 2a)
Above 10 000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets from short 1 to 500 km
rotation coppice (Poplar – no fertilisation
500 to 10 000 km
– case 3a)
Above 10 000 km
Wood briquettes
or
pellets
from 1 to 500 km
stemwood (case 1)
500 to 2 500 km
2 500 to 10 000 km
Above 10 000 km
Wood briquettes or
pellets
from 1 to 500 km
stemwood (case 2a)
500 to 2 500 km
2 500 to 10 000 km
Above 10 000 km
Wood briquettes or
pellets
from 1 to 500 km
stemwood (case 3a)
500 to 2 500 km
2 500 to 10 000 km
Above 10 000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets from wood 1 to 500 km
industry residues (case 1)
500 to 2 500 km
2 500 to 10 000 km
Above 10 000 km
1 to 500 km
500 to 2 500 km
Wood briquettes or pellets from wood
2 500 to 10 000 km
industry residues (case 2a)
Above 10 000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets from wood 1 to 500 km
industry residues (case 3a)
500 to 2 500 km
2 500 to 10 000
Above 10 000 km
Case 1 refers to processes in which a Natural Gas boiler is used to provide the process heat to the pellet mill.
Process electricity is purchased from the grid.
Case 2a refers to processes in which a boiler fuelled with wood chips is used to provide the process heat to the
pellet mill. Process electricity is purchased from the grid.
Case 3a refers to processes in which a CHP, fuelled with wood chips, is used to provide heat and electricity to the
pellet mill.
Biomass fuel production system
Transport distance
Greenhouse
gas Greenhouse
gas
emissions –
emissions –
typical
value default
value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
Agricultural Residues with density < 0.2 t/m 3 ( 1 ) 1 to 500 km
500 to 2 500 km
2 500 to 10 000 km
Above 10 000 km
3 2
Agricultural Residues with density > 0.2 t/m ( ) 1 to 500 km
500 to 2 500 km
2 500 to 10 000 km
Above 10 000 km
Straw pellets
1 to 500 km
500 to 10 000 km
Above 10 000 km
Bagasse briquettes
500 to 10 000 km
Above 10 000 km
Palm Kernel Meal
Above 10 000 km
Palm Kernel Meal (no CH 4 emissions from oil Above 10 000 km
mill)
( 1 ) This group of materials includes agricultural residues with a low bulk density and it comprises materials such as
straw bales, oat hulls, rice husks and sugar cane bagasse bales (not exhaustive list).
( 2 ) The group of agricultural residues with higher bulk density includes materials such as corn cobs, nut shells,
soybean hulls, palm kernel shells (not exhaustive list).
Typical and default values – biogas for electricity
Biogas production system
Technological option
Typical value
Default value
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
emissions
emissions
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
Biogas for electricity from wet Case 1 Open digestate ( 1 )
– 28
manure
Close digestate ( 2 )
– 88
– 84
Case 2 Open digestate
– 23
Close digestate
– 84
– 78
Case 3 Open digestate
– 28
Close digestate
– 94
– 89
Biogas for electricity from maize Case 1 Open digestate
whole plant
Close digestate
Case 2 Open digestate
Close digestate
Case 3 Open digestate
Close digestate
Biogas for electricity from biowaste Case 1 Open digestate
Close digestate
Case 2 Open digestate
Close digestate
Case 3 Open digestate
Close digestate
( ) Open storage of digestate accounts for additional emissions of methane which change with the weather, the
substrate and the digestion efficiency. In these calculations the amounts are taken to be equal to 0.05 MJ
CH 4 /MJ biogas for manure, 0.035 MJ CH 4 /MJ biogas for maize and 0.01 MJ CH 4 /MJ biogas for biowaste.
( 2 ) Close storage means that the digestate resulting from the digestion process is stored in a gas tight tank and
the additional biogas released during storage is considered to be recovered for production of additional
electricity or biomethane.
Typical and default values for biomethane
Biomethane production system
Technological option
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
emissions –
emissions – default
typical value
value (g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
Biomethane from wet manure Open digestate, no off-gas combustion ( 1 )
– 20
Open digestate, off-gas combustion ( 2 )
– 35
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion
– 88
– 79
Close digestate, off-gas combustion
– 103
– 100
Biomethane
from
maize Open digestate, no off-gas combustion
whole plant
Open digestate, off-gas combustion
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion
Close digestate, off-gas combustion
Biomethane from biowaste
Open digestate, no off-gas combustion
Open digestate, off-gas combustion
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion
Close digestate, off-gas combustion
( ) This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to biomethane: Pressure
Swing Adsorption (PSA), Pressure Water Scrubbing (PWS), Membranes, Cryogenic, and Organic Physical
Scrubbing (OPS). It includes an emission of 0.03 MJ CH 4 /MJ biomethane for the emission of methane in the
off-gases.
( 2 ) This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to biomethane: Pressure
Water Scrubbing (PWS) when water is recycled, Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA), Chemical Scrubbing,
Organic Physical Scrubbing (OPS), Membranes and Cryogenic upgrading. No methane emissions are
considered for this category (the methane in the off-gas is combusted, if any).
Typical and default values – biogas for electricity – mixtures of manure and maize: greenhouse gas
emissions with shares given on a fresh mass basis
Biogas production system Technological
Greenhouse gas emissions – typical value Greenhouse gas emissions – default value
options
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
Manure –
Case 1 Open digestate
Maize
Close digestate
– 12
– 9
80 % - 20 %
Case 2 Open digestate
Close digestate
– 7
– 2
Case 3 Open digestate
Close digestate
– 9
– 4
Manure –
Case 1 Open digestate
Maize
Close digestate
70 % - 30 %
Case 2 Open digestate
Close digestate
Case 3 Open digestate
Close digestate
Manure –
Case 1 Open digestate
Maize
Close digestate
60 % - 40 %
Case 2 Open digestate
Close digestate
Case 3 Open digestate
Close digestate
Comments
Case 1 refers to pathways in which electricity and heat required in the process are supplied by the CHP engine
itself.
Case 2 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the process is taken from the grid and the process
heat is supplied by the CHP engine itself. In some Member States, operators are not allowed to claim the gross
production for subsidies and case 1 is the more likely configuration.
Case 3 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the process is taken from the grid and the process
heat is supplied by a biogas boiler. This case applies to some installations in which the CHP engine is not on-site
and biogas is sold (but not upgraded to biomethane).
Typical and default values – biomethane - mixtures of manure and maize: greenhouse gas emissions with
shares given on a fresh mass basis
Biomethane production system
Technological options
Typical value
Default value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
Manure – Maize
Open digestate, no off-gas combustion
80 % - 20 %
Open digestate, off-gas combustion
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion
– 1
Close digestate, off-gas combustion
– 16
– 12
Manure – Maize
Open digestate, no off-gas combustion
70 % - 30 %
Open digestate, off-gas combustion
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion
Close digestate, off-gas combustion
– 2
Manure – Maize
Open digestate, no off-gas combustion
60 % - 40 %
Open digestate, off-gas combustion
Close digestate, no off-gas combustion
Close digestate, off-gas combustion
Where biomethane is used as Compressed Biomethane as a transport fuel, a value of 3.3 g CO 2 eq/MJ biomethane
needs to be added to the typical values and a value of 4.6 g CO 2 eq/MJ biomethane to the default values.
7
108.5
97.6
97.6
Krediti
demel
tad-
0.0 ( )
Trasport
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.2
mill-karburant
Emissjonijiet
8.9
8.9
8.9
8.9
8.9
8.9
8.9
8.9
8.9
8.9
8.9
8.9
8.9
8.9
8.9
8.9
8.9
11.2
11.2
CO 2
-produzzjoni tal-elettriku
VALUR TIPIKU [g CO 2 eq/MJ]
31.2
69.6
74.1
83.2
13.5
18.8
21.0
21.8
27.9
5.9
0.0
4.2
4.6
0.0
5.2
5.7
0.0
21.1
3.5
Kultivazzjoni
15.6
15.2
15.6
15.2
17.5
17.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
21.6
21.6
-
Smida tal-Qlub Aktar minn 10000 km
Grixa tal-Qalba Aktar minn 10000 km
tal-
Sistema tal-produzzjoni
karburanti mill-bijomassa
Il-
niedi Il-
Il-
Il-
Il-
Il-
Il-
Il-
Il-
(l-
emissjonijiet ta'
( 2 )
-
CH 4 mill-
tal-Palma
tal-Palma
Bijoskart
Demel
ebda
tal-
( 1 )
Il-
4
124.4
111.9
111.9
demel
tal- tad-
Trasport Kompresjsoni Krediti
g CO 2 eq/MJ
-rapport tal-Kummissjoni tal-25 ta' Frar 2010 dwar ir-
-valur ta' esca
-trasport ta' materja prima agrikola lejn l-impjant tat-
karburant
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
0.5
f'pompa
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.0
12.5
VALUR AWTOMATIKU [g CO2eq/MJ]
27.3
27.3
27.3
6.3
6.3
9.1
-
-
117.9
117.9
28.1
4.4
4.4
0.0
-valur tat-trasport tas-
-emissjonijiet iffrankata mill-
Trasport Kompresjsoni Krediti Kultivazzjoni
-konservazzjoni.
18.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
124.4
124.4
111.9
111.9
demel
tal- tad-
-
0.5
karburant
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
f'pompa
-elettriku, fit-
( 3 ) It-trasport ta' materja prima agrikola lejn l-impjant tat-trasformazzjoni huwa, skont il-
8.9
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.0
6.5
-
19.5
19.5
19.5
4.5
4.5
VALUR TIPIKU [g CO2eq/MJ]
0.0
20.1
84.2
84.2
3.2
3.2
-
Kultivazzjoni
( 1 ) Il-valur tal-produzzjoni tal-bijogass mid-
18.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Sistema tal-produzzjoni tal-bijometan
tal-effluwenti
tal-effluwenti
tal-effluwenti
tal-effluwenti
tal-effluwenti
Kombustjoni
Kombustjoni
kombustjoni
kombustjoni
kombustjoni
-
trasformazzjoni huwa, skont il-
45 g CO 2
L-ebda
L-ebda
L-ebda
-
-
Sistema tal-
-
f'bijogass.
tal-bijometan
produzzjoni
Il-pjanta
( 2 ) Il-
Demel
niedi
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
27.3
27.3
27.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
28.1
42.8
42.8
6.0
6.0
7.2
7.2
18.1
17.6
17.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
20.1
30.6
30.6
4.3
4.3
5.1
5.1
18.1
17.6
17.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
tal-effluwenti
tal-effluwenti
tal-effluwenti
tal-effluwenti
tal-effluwenti
tal-effluwenti
tal-effluwenti
Kombustjoni
Kombustjoni
Kombustjoni
Kombustjoni
kombustjoni
kombustjoni
kombustjoni
L-ebda
L-ebda
L-ebda
Bijoskart
Taqsima D.
-
-KARBURANTI MILL-
BIJOMASSA
Sistema tal-produzzjoni tal-karburanti mill-
Distanza tat-trasport
Emissjonijiet ta'
Emissjonijiet ta'
bijomassa
gassijiet serra -
gassijiet serra -
valur tipiku (g
valur awtomatiku
CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
-injam minn residwi tal-foresti
1 sa 500 km
500 sa 2500 km
2500 sa 10000 km
Aktar minn 10000 km
-
2500 sa 10000 km
qasira (Ewkaliptu)
-
1 sa 500 km
qasira (Luq - Fertilizzat)
500 sa 2500 km
2500 sa 10000 km
Aktar minn 10000 km
-
1 sa 500 km
qasira (Luq - Mhux fertilizzat)
500 sa 2500 km
2500 sa 10000 km
Aktar minn 10000 km
-injam minn zkuk
1 sa 500 km
500 sa 2500 km
2500 sa 10000 km
Aktar minn 10000 km
-injam minn residwi tal-industrija 1 sa 500km
500 sa 2500 km
2500 sa 10000 km
Aktar minn 10000 km
Brikketti jew gerbub tal-injam minn residwi 1 sa 500 km
tal-foresti (il-
500 sa 2500 km
2500 sa 10000 km
Aktar minn 10000 km
Brikketti jew gerbub tal-injam minn residwi 1 sa 500 km
tal-foresti (il-
500 sa 2500 km
2500 sa 10000 km
Aktar minn 10000 km
Brikketti jew gerbub tal-injam minn residwi 1 sa 500 km
tal-foresti (il-
500 sa 2500 km
2500 sa 10000 km
Aktar minn 10000 km
Brikketti jew gerbub tal-
2500 sa 10000 km
b'newba qasira (Ewkaliptu
il-
Brikketti jew gerbub tal-
2500 sa 10000 km
b'newba qasira (Ewkaliptu
il-
Brikketti jew gerbub tal-
2500 sa 10000 km
b'newba qasira (Ewkaliptu il-
Brikketti jew gerbub tal-
1 sa 500 km
b'newba qasira (Luq Fertilizzat
il-
500 sa 10000 km
Aktar minn 10000 km
Brikketti jew gerbub tal-
1 sa 500 km
b'newba qasira (Luq Fertilizzat il-
500 sa 10000 km
Aktar minn 10000 km
Brikketti jew gerbub tal-
1 sa 500 km
b'newba qasira (Luq Fertilizzat il-
500 sa 10000 km
Aktar minn 10000 km
Brikketti jew gerbub tal-
1 sa 500 km
b'newba qasira (Luq mhux fertilizzat
il- 500 sa 10000 km
Aktar minn 10000 km
Brikketti jew gerbub tal-
1 sa 500 km
b'newba qasira (Luq mhux fertilizzat
il- 500 sa 10000 km
Aktar minn 10000 km
1 sa 500 km
gerbub tal-
500 sa 10000 km
qasira (Luq mhux fertilizzat
il-
Aktar minn 10000 km
Brikketti jew gerbub tal-injam minn zkuk 1 sa 500 km
(il-
500 sa 2500 km
2500 sa 10000 km
Aktar minn 10000 km
Brikketti jew gerbub tal-injam minn zkuk 1 sa 500 km
(il-
500 sa 2500 km
2500 sa 10000 km
Aktar minn 10000 km
Brikketti jew gerbub tal-injam minn zkuk 1 sa 500 km
(il-
500 sa 2500 km
2500 sa 10000 km
Aktar minn 10000 km
Brikketti jew gerbub tal-injam minn residwi 1 sa 500 km
tal-industrija tal-injam (il-
500 sa 2500 km
2500 sa 10000 km
Aktar minn 10000 km
Brikketti jew gerbub tal-injam minn residwi 1 sa 500 km
tal-industrija tal-injam (il-
500 sa 2500 km
2500 sa 10000 km
Aktar minn 10000 km
Brikketti jew gerbub tal-injam minn residwi 1 sa 500 km
tal-industrija tal-injam (il-
500 sa 2500 km
2500 sa 10000
Aktar minn 10000 km
Il-
-
-
-
-
-
-gerbub. Il-qawwa elettrika tinxtara mill-grilja.
Il-
-
-
-
-
-
-gerbub. Il-qawwa elettrika tinxtara mill-grilja.
Il-
-
-
-
-
-
elettriku lill-
-gerbub.
Sistema tal-produzzjoni tal-
Distanza tat-trasport
Emissjonijiet ta' gassijiet Emissjonijiet ta' gassijiet
serra - valur tipiku (g serra - valur awtomatiku (g
karburanti mill-bijomassa
CO 2 eq/ MJ)
CO 2 eq/ MJ)
Residwi
Agrikoli 1 sa 500 km
b'densità ta' < 0.2 t/m 3 ( 1 ) 500 sa 2500 km
2500 sa 10000 km
Aktar minn 10000 km
Residwi
Agrikoli 1 sa 500 km
b'densità ta' < 0.2 t/m 3 ( 2 ) 500 sa 2500 km
2500 sa 10000 km
Aktar minn 10000 km
gerbub tat-tiben
1 sa 500 km
500 sa 10000 km
Aktar minn 10000 km
Brikketti tal-bagassa
500 sa 10000 km
Aktar minn 10000 km
Smida tal-Qlub tal-Palma Aktar minn 10000 km
Grixa tal-Qalba tal-Palma Aktar minn 10000 km
(l-ebda emissjonijiet ta'
CH 4 mill-
-
( ) Dan il-
-
tat-tiben, qxur tal-
-
-bagassa tal-
( 2 ) Dan il-
-
tas-
-
-
-
-elettriku
Sistema tal-
Valur tipiku
Valur awtomatiku
produzzjoni tal-
Emissjonijiet ta'
Emissjonijiet ta' gassijiet serra
bijogass
gassijiet serra
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
( 1 )
Bijogass
Il-
-elettriku
)
mid-demel
Il-
niedi
Il-
Bijogass
Il-
-elettriku
mill-pjanta
- Il-
Il-
Bijogass
Il-
-elettriku
mill-bijoskart
Il-
Il-
( )
-temp,
sottostrat u l-
-
-kalkoli l-
MJ
CH 4 /MJ bijogass fil-
-demel, 0.035 MJ CH 4 /MJ bijogass fil-
-
MJ CH 4 /MJ bijogass
fil-
-bijoskart.
( 2 )
-
-
-
l-
-
-
-produzzjoni ta'
aktar elettriku jew bijometan.
-bijometan
Sistema tal-produzzjoni
Emissjonijiet ta'
Emissjonijiet ta' gassijiet
gassijiet serra - valur serra -valur awtomatiku
tal-bijometan
tipiku
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
Bijometan
minn
-ebda kombustjoni minn
demel niedi
)
(2
)
-ebda kombustjoni minn
Bijometan
mill-
-ebda kombustjoni minn
-
-ebda kombustjoni minn
-
-ebda kombustjoni minn
ebda
kombustjoni
minn
effluwent
-ebda kombustjoni minn
( 1 ) Din il-kategorija tinkludi l-
-
-bijogass f'bijometan
Physical Scrubbing (OPS). Tinkludi emissjoni ta' 0.03 MJ CH 4
-emissjoni tal-metan mill-
( 2 ) Din il-kategorija tinkludi l-
-
-bijogass f'bijometan
Pressure Water Scrubbing (PWS) meta l-
-ebda emissjonijiet tal-
-kategorija (il-metan fl-
-
-elettriku -
Sistema tal-produzzjoni tal-
Emissjonijiet ta' gassijiet
Emissjonijiet ta' gassijiet serra
bijogass
serra - valur tipiku
- valur awtomatiku
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
Demel
Il-
80 % - 20 %
Il-
Il-
Demel
Il-
70 % - 30 %
Il-
Il-
Demel
Il-
60 % - 40 %
Il-
Il-
Kummenti
Il-
-
-elettriku u s-
-
-magna tas-
CHP innifisha.
Il-
-
-
-
-grilja u s-
-
hija fornuta mill-magna tas-CHP innifisha. F'xi Stati Membri, l-
-produzzjoni grossa
-
1 x'aktarx li jkun il-konfigurazzjoni probabbli.
Il-
-
-
-
-grilja u s-
-
hija fornuta minn bojler tal-bijogass. Dan il-
fuq il-post u l-bijoga
bijometan -
Sistema
tal-
Valur tipiku
Valur awtomatiku
produzzjoni
tal-
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
bijometan
Demel
-ebda kombustjoni
80 % - 20 %
-ebda kombustjoni
Demel
-ebda kombustjoni
70 % - 30 %
-ebda kombustjoni
Demel
-ebda kombustjoni
60 % - 40 %
-ebda kombustjoni
-
-trasport, valur ta' 3.3 g CO 2 eq/MJ ta'
-
g CO 2 eq/MJ ta' bijometan mal-