MT
Regulations, 2021
Table of Provisions (42)
Statutory Text (42 Articles)
L.N. 505 of 2021
REGULATOR FOR ENERGY AND WATER SERVICES ACT
(CAP. 545)
Biofuels, Bioliquids and Biomass Fuels (Sustainability Criteria)
Regulations, 2021
IN EXERCISE of the powers conferred by article 37(1) of the
Regulator for Energy and Water Services Act, the Minister for Energy,
Enterprise and Sustainable Development, after consultation with the
Regulator for Energy and Water Services, has made the following
regulations:-
(1) The title of these regulations is the Biofuels, Bioliquids Citation and
scope.
and Biomass Fuels (Sustainability Criteria) Regulations, 2021.
(2) These regulations give effect to Articles 29, 30 and 31 of
Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy
from renewable sources (recast).
(regulations 2, 3 and 5)
Rules for calculating the greenhouse gas impacts of biofuels,
other bioliquids and their fossil fuel comparators
Part A
TYPICAL AND DEFAULT VALUES FOR BIOFUELS IF
PRODUCED WITH NO NET CARBON EMISSIONS FROM LAND-
USE CHANGE
Biofuel production pathway
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas emissions
emissions saving –
saving – default value
typical value
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
67%
59%
natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop,
77%
73%
natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
73%
68%
natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant
(*))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop,
79%
76%
natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant
(*))
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
58%
47%
lignite as process fuel in CHP plant (*))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from slop,
71%
64%
lignite as process fuel in CHP plant (*))
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as
48%
40%
process fuel in conventional boiler)
corn (maize) ethanol, (natural gas as
55%
48%
process fuel in CHP plant (*))
corn (maize) ethanol (lignite as process
40%
28%
fuel in CHP plant (*))
corn (maize) ethanol (forest residues as
69%
68%
process fuel in CHP plant (*))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
47%
38%
(natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
53%
46%
(natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant
(*))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
37%
24%
(lignite as process fuel in CHP plant (*))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
67%
67%
(forest residues as process fuel in CHP
plant (*))
sugar cane ethanol
70%
70%
the part from renewable sources of ethyl- Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
tertio-butyl-ether (ETBE)
the part from renewable sources of Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
tertiary-amyl-ethyl-ether (TAEE)
rape seed biodiesel
52%
47%
sunflower biodiesel
57%
52%
soybean biodiesel
55%
50%
palm oil biodiesel (open effluent pond)
33%
20%
palm oil biodiesel (process with methane
51%
45%
capture at oil mill)
waste cooking oil biodiesel
88%
84%
animal fats from rendering biodiesel (**)
84%
78%
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed
51%
47%
hydrotreated
vegetable
oil
from
58%
54%
sunflower
hydrotreated vegetable oil from soybean
55%
51%
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil
34%
22%
(open effluent pond)
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil
53%
49%
(process with methane capture at oil mill)
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil
87%
83%
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from
83%
77%
rendering (**)
pure vegetable oil from rape seed
59%
57%
pure vegetable oil from sunflower
65%
64%
pure vegetable oil from soybean
63%
61%
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (open
40%
30%
effluent pond)
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (process
59%
57%
with methane capture at oil mill)
pure oil from waste cooking oil
98%
98%
(*) Default values for processes using CHP are valid only if all the process heat is supplied by CHP.
(**) Applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as category 1 and 2
material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the
Council ( 1 ), for which emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.
( 1 )
Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009
laying down health rules as regards animal by-products and derived products not intended for human
consumption and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002 (Animal by-products Regulation) (OJ L
300, 14.11.2009, p.1).
Part B
ESTIMATED TYPICAL AND DEFAULT VALUES FOR FUTURE
BIOFUELS THAT WERE NOT ON THE MARKET OR WERE ON
THE MARKET ONLY IN NEGLIGIBLE QUANTITIES IN 2016, IF
PRODUCED WITH NO NET CARBON EMISSIONS FROM LAND-
USE CHANGE
Biofuel production pathway
Greenhouse
gas Greenhouse
gas
emissions saving - emissions saving -
typical value
default value
wheat straw ethanol
85%
83%
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel
83%
83%
in free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch
82%
82%
diesel in free-standing plant
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol
83%
83%
in free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch
82%
82%
petrol in free-standing plant
waste wood dimethylether (DME)
84%
84%
in free-standing plant
farmed wood dimethylether (DME)
83%
83%
in free-standing plant
waste wood methanol in free-
84%
84%
standing plant
farmed wood methanol in free-
83%
83%
standing plant
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-
89%
89%
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-
89%
89%
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
dimethylether (DME) from black-
89%
89%
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
Methanol
from
black-liquor
89%
89%
gasification integrated with pulp
mill
the part from renewable sources of Equal to that of the methanol production pathway
methyl-tertio-butyl-ether (MTBE) used
Part C
METHODOLOGY
1. Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of
transport fuels, biofuels and bioliquids shall be calculated as follows
(a) greenhouse gas emissions from the production and
use of biofuels shall be calculated as
E = e ec + e l + e p + e td + e u – e sca – e ccs – e ccr ,
where
E = total emissions from the use of the fuel;
e ec = emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials;
e l = annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use
change;
e p = emissions from processing;
e td = emissions from transport and distribution;
e u = emissions from the fuel in use;
e sca = emission savings from soil carbon accumulation via improved
agricultural management;
e ccs = emission savings from CO 2 capture and geological storage; and
e ccr = emission savings from CO 2 capture and replacement.
Emissions from the manufacture of machinery and equipment shall
not be taken into account.
(b) Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and
use of bioliquids shall be calculated as for biofuels (E), but with
the extension necessary for including the energy conversion to
electricity and, or heat and cooling produced, as follows
(i)
For energy installations delivering only heat
(ii) For
energy
installations
delivering
only
electricity
Where
EC h,el = Total greenhouse gas emissions from the final energy
commodity.
E = Total greenhouse gas emissions of the bioliquid before end-
conversion
η el = The electrical efficiency, defined as the annual electricity
produced divided by the annual bioliquid input based on its energy
content
η h = The heat efficiency, defined as the annual useful heat output
divided by the annual bioliquid input based on its energy content.
(iii) For the electricity or mechanical energy coming
from energy installations delivering useful heat together
with electricity and/or mechanical energy
(iv) For the useful heat coming from energy
installations delivering heat together with electricity and/or
mechanical energy
where
EC h,el =Total greenhouse gas emissions from the final energy commodity.
E =Total greenhouse gas emissions of the bioliquid before end-conversion.
η el =The electrical efficiency, defined as the annual electricity produced
divided by the annual fuel input based on its energy content.
η h = The heat efficiency, defined as the annual useful heat output divided by
the annual fuel input based on its energy content.
C el = Fraction of exergy in the electricity, and/or mechanical energy, set to
100 % (C el = 1).
C h = Carnot efficiency (fraction of exergy in the useful heat).
The Carnot efficiency, C h , for useful heat at different temperatures
is defined as
where
T h = Temperature, measured in absolute temperature (kelvin) of the useful
heat at point of delivery.
T 0 = Temperature of surroundings, set at 273.15 kelvin (equal to 0 °C)
If the excess heat is exported for heating of buildings, at a
temperature below 150°C (423.15 kelvin), C h can alternatively be
defined as follows
C h = Carnot efficiency in heat at 150 °C (423.15 kelvin), which is: 0.3546
For the purposes of that calculation, the following definitions
apply
(a) "cogeneration" means the simultaneous generation in
one process of thermal energy and electricity and/or mechanical
energy;
(b
"useful heat" means heat generated to satisfy an
economical justifiable demand for heat, for heating and cooling
purposes;
(c) "economically justifiable demand" means the demand
that does not exceed the needs for heat or cooling and which
would otherwise be satisfied at market conditions.
2. Greenhouse gas emissions from biofuels and bioliquids
shall be expressed as follows
(a)
greenhouse gas emissions from biofuels, E, shall be
expressed in terms of grams of CO 2 equivalent per MJ of fuel, g
CO 2 eq/MJ.
(b) greenhouse gas emissions from bioliquids, EC, in
terms of grams of CO 2 equivalent per MJ of final energy
commodity (heat or electricity), g CO 2 eq/MJ.
When heating and cooling are co-generated with electricity,
emissions shall be allocated between heat and electricity (as under
1(b)), irrespective if the heat is used for actual heating purposes or
for cooling ( Note 1 ).
Where the greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction or
cultivation of raw materials e ec are expressed in unit g CO 2 eq/dry-
ton of feedstock, the conversion to grams of CO 2 equivalent per MJ
of fuel, g CO 2 eq/MJ, shall be calculated as follows ( Note 2 )
where
Fuel feedstock factor a = [Ratio of MJ feedstock required to make 1MJ
fuel]
Emissions per dry-ton feedstock shall be calculated as follows
3. Greenhouse gas emissions savings from biofuels and
bioliquids shall be calculated as follows
(a)
greenhouse gas emissions savings from biofuels
SAVING = (E F(t) – E B )/E F(t) ,
where
E B = total emissions from the biofuel; and
E F(t) = total emissions from the fossil fuel comparator for transport
(b) greenhouse gas emissions savings from heat and
cooling, and electricity being generated from bioliquids
SAVING = (EC F(h&c,el) – EC B(h&c,el) )/EC F(h&c,el) ,
where
EC B(h&c,el) = total emissions from the heat or electricity; and
EC F(h&c,el) = total emissions from the fossil fuel comparator for
useful heat or electricity.
4. The greenhouse gases taken into account for the purposes
of item 1 shall be CO 2 , N 2 O and CH 4 . For the purposes of calculating
CO 2 equivalence, those gases shall be valued as follows
CO 2
N 2 O
CH 4
5. Emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw
materials, e ec , shall include emissions from the extraction or
cultivation process itself; from the collection, drying and storage of
raw materials; from waste and leakages; and from the production of
chemicals or products used in extraction or cultivation. Capture of
CO 2 in the cultivation of raw materials shall be excluded. Estimates of
emissions from agriculture biomass cultivation may be derived from
the use of regional averages for cultivation emissions included in the
reports referred to in Article 31(4) of the Directive or the information
on the disaggregated default values for cultivation emissions included
in this Schedule, as an alternative to using actual values. In the absence
of relevant information in those reports it is allowed to calculate
averages based on local farming practises based for instance on data of
a group of farms, as an alternative to using actual values.
6. For the purposes of the calculation referred to in paragraph
(a) of item 1, greenhouse gas emissions savings from improved
agriculture management, e sca , such as shifting to reduced or zero-
tillage, improved crop/rotation, the use of cover crops, including crop
residue management, and the use of organic soil improver (e.g.
compost, manure fermentation digestate), shall be taken into account
only if solid and verifiable evidence is provided that the soil carbon
has increased or that it is reasonable to expect to have increased over
the period in which the raw materials concerned were cultivated while
taking into account the emissions where such practices lead to
increased fertiliser and herbicide use ( Note 3 ).
7. Annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by
land-use change, e l , shall be calculated by dividing total emissions
equally over twenty (20) years. For the calculation of those emissions,
the following rule shall be applied
e l = (CS R – CS A ) × 3.664 × 1/20 × 1/P – e B , ( Note 4 )
where
=annualised greenhouse gas emissions from carbon stock change due to land-use change
(measured as mass (grams) of CO 2 -equivalent per unit of biofuel or bioliquid energy
(megajoules)). "Cropland" ( 1 )
and "perennial cropland" ( 2 )
shall be regarded as one land use;
=the carbon stock per unit area associated with the reference land-use (measured as mass
(tonnes) of carbon per unit area, including both soil and vegetation). The reference land-use
shall be the land-use in January 2008 or twenty (20) years before the raw material was
obtained, whichever was the later;
=the carbon stock per unit area associated with the actual land-use (measured as mass (tonnes)
of carbon per unit area, including both soil and vegetation). In cases where the carbon stock
accumulates over more than one year, the value attributed to CS A shall be the estimated
stock per unit area after twenty (20) years or when the crop reaches maturity, whichever the
earlier;
=the productivity of the crop (measured as biofuel or bioliquid energy per unit area per year)
and
=bonus of 29 g CO 2 eq/MJ biofuel or bioliquid if biomass is obtained from restored degraded
land under the conditions laid down in item 8.
Cropland as defined by IPCC.
Perennial crops are defined as multi-annual crops, the stem of which is usually not annually harvested
such as short rotation coppice and oil palm.
(1) Unless otherwise required under these regulations, Interpretation.
the definitions prescribed under the Regulator for Energy and Water Cap. 545.
Services Act, and the Promotion of Energy from Renewable Sources L.N. 503 of
2021. Regulations, 2021 shall apply.
(2) For the purposes of these regulations and unless the context
otherwise requires
"Act" means the Regulator for Energy and Water Services Act;
"actual value" means the greenhouse gas emissions saving for
some or all of the steps of a specific biofuel, bioliquid or biomass fuel
production process, calculated in accordance with the methodology
laid down in Part C of the First Schedule or Part B of the Second
Schedule;
"agricultural, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry residues" means
residues that are directly generated by agriculture, aquaculture,
fisheries and forestry and that do not include residues from related
industries or processing;
"agricultural
biomass"
means
biomass
produced
from
agriculture;
"biowaste" means biodegradable garden and park waste, food
and kitchen waste from households, restaurants, caterers and retail
premises and comparable waste from food processing plants;
"default value" means a value derived from a typical value by the
application of pre-determined factors and that may in circumstances
specified in these regulations, be used in place of an actual value;
"Directive" means Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion
of the use of energy from renewable sources (recast);
"energy" means all forms of available energy, including
electricity, heating, cooling, liquefied petroleum gas, any fuel for
heating and cooling, coal and transport fuels;
"energy content" means the lower calorific value of fuel;
"energy consumer" means a natural or legal person who
consumes or purchases energy for own use and not for wholesale or
retail purposes;
"energy supplier" means an authorised supplier wholesaling or
retailing energy or products thereof;
"forest biomass" means biomass produced from forestry;
"forest regeneration" means the re-establishment of a forest stand
by natural or artificial means following the removal of the previous
stand by felling or as a result of natural causes, including fire or storm;
"Minister" means the minister responsible for energy;
"Regulator" means the Regulator for Energy and Water Services
as established by article 3 of the Act;
"sourcing area" means the geographically defined area from
which the forest biomass feedstock is sourced, from which reliable and
independent information is available and where conditions are
sufficiently homogeneous to evaluate the risk of the sustainability and
legality characteristics of the forest biomass;
"typical value" means an estimate of the greenhouse gas
emissions and greenhouse gas emissions savings saving for a
particular biofuel, bioliquid or biomass fuel production pathway which
is representative of the Union consumption.
(regulations 2, 3 and 5)
Rules for calculating the greenhouse gas impact of biomass fuels
and their fossil fuel comparators
Part A
TYPICAL AND DEFAULT VALUES OF GREENHOUSE GAS
EMISSIONS SAVINGS FOR BIOMASS FULELS IF PRODUCED
WITH NO NET-CARBON EMISSIONS FROM LAND USE
CHANGE
WOODCHIPS
Biomass
fuel Transport
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas emissions
production system
distance
emissions savings –
savings – default value
typical value
Heat
Electricity
Heat
Electricity
Woodchips from forest 1 to 500 km
93%
89%
91%
to
89%
84%
87%
residues
km
2500 to 10000 82%
73%
78%
km
Above 10000
67%
51%
60%
km
Woodchips from short 2500 to 10000
77%
65%
73%
rotation
coppice km
(Eucalyptus)
Woodchips from short 1 to 500 km
89%
83%
87%
rotation coppice (Poplar 500 to 2500
85%
78%
84%
km
– Fertilised)
2500 to 10000
78%
67%
74%
km
Above 10000
63%
45%
57%
km
Woodchips from short 1 to 500 km
91%
87%
90%
rotation coppice (Poplar 500 to 2500
88%
82%
86%
km
– No fertilisation)
2500 to 10000
80%
70%
77%
km
Above 10000
65%
48%
59%
km
Woodchips
from 1 to 500 km
93%
89%
92%
88%
500 to 2500
90%
85%
88%
82%
stemwood
km
2500 to 10000
82%
73%
79%
68%
km
Above 10000
67%
51%
61%
42%
km
Woodchips from industry 1 to 500 km
94%
92%
93%
90%
500 to 2500
91%
87%
90%
85%
residues
km
2500 to 10000
83%
75%
80%
71%
km
Above 10000
69%
54%
63%
44%
km
WOOD PELLETS ( *1 )
Biomass fuel production system
Transport Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
distance
emissions savings –
emissions savings –
typical value
default value
Heat
Electricity
Heat
Electricity
Wood briquettes or pellets Case 1
1 to 500 km 58%
37%
49%
24%
500 to 2500 58%
37%
49%
25%
from forest residues
km
to
55%
34%
47%
21%
10000 km
Above
50%
26%
40%
11%
10000 km
Case 2a
1 to 500 km
77%
66%
72%
59%
500 to 2500
77%
66%
72%
59%
km
to
75%
62%
70%
55%
10000 km
Above
69%
54%
63%
45%
10000 km
Case 3a
1 to 500 km
92%
88%
90%
85%
500 to 2500
92%
88%
90%
86%
km
to
90%
85%
88%
81%
10000 km
Above
84%
76%
81%
72%
10000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets Case 1
to
52%
28%
43%
15%
from
short
rotation
10000 km
Case 2a
to
70%
56%
66%
49%
coppice (Eucalyptus)
10000 km
Case 3a
to
85%
78%
83%
75%
10000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets Case 1
1 to 500 km
54%
32%
46%
20%
to
52%
29%
44%
16%
from
short
rotation
10000 km
coppice
(Poplar
–
Above
47%
21%
37%
7%
Fertilised)
10000 km
Case 2a
1 to 500 km
73%
60%
69%
54%
to
71%
57%
67%
50%
10000 km
Above
66%
49%
60%
41%
10000 km
Case 3a
1 to 500 km
88%
82%
87%
81%
to
86%
79%
84%
77%
10000 km
Above
80%
71%
78%
67%
10000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets Case 1
1 to 500 km
56%
35%
48%
23%
to
54%
32%
46%
20%
from
short
rotation
10000 km
coppice
(Poplar
–
No
Above
49%
24%
40%
10%
fertilisation)
10000 km
Case 2a
1 to 500 km
76%
64%
72%
58%
to
74%
61%
69%
54%
10000 km
Above
68%
53%
63%
45%
10000 km
Case 3a
1 to 500 km
91%
86%
90%
85%
to
89%
83%
87%
81%
10000 km
Above
83%
75%
81%
71%
10000 km
Stemwood
Case 1
1 to 500 km
57%
37%
49%
24%
500 to 2500
58%
37%
49%
25%
km
to
55%
34%
47%
21%
10000 km
Above
50%
26%
40%
11%
10000 km
Case 2a
1 to 500 km
77%
66%
73%
60%
500 to 2500
77%
66%
73%
60%
km
to
75%
63%
70%
56%
10000 km
Above
70%
55%
64%
46%
10000 km
Case 3a
1 to 500 km
92%
88%
91%
86%
500 to 2500
92%
88%
91%
87%
km
to
90%
85%
88%
83%
10000 km
Above
84%
77%
82%
73%
10000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets Case 1
1 to 500 km
75%
62%
69%
55%
500 to 2500
75%
62%
70%
55%
from
wood
industry
km
residues
to
72%
59%
67%
51%
10000 km
Above
67%
51%
61%
42%
10000 km
Case 2a
1 to 500 km
87%
80%
84%
76%
500 to 2500
87%
80%
84%
77%
km
to
85%
77%
82%
73%
10000 km
Above
79%
69%
75%
63%
10000 km
Case 3a
1 to 500 km
95%
93%
94%
91%
500 to 2500
95%
93%
94%
92%
km
to
93%
90%
92%
88%
10000 km
Above
88%
82%
85%
78%
10000 km
( *1 )
Case 1 refers to processes in which a natural gas boiler is used to provide the process heat to the pellet
mill. Electricity for the pellet mill is supplied from the grid;
Case 2a refers to processes in which a woodchips boiler, fed with pre-dried chips, is used to provide
process heat. Electricity for the pellet mill is supplied from the grid;
Case 3a refers to processes in which a CHP, fed with pre-dried woodchips, is used to provide
electricity and heat to the pellet mill.
AGRICULTURE PATHWAYS
Biomass
fuel Transport
Greenhouse gas emissions Greenhouse gas emissions
production system
distance
savings – typical value
savings – default value
Heat
Electricity
Heat
Electricity
Agricultural Residues 1 to 500 km
95%
92%
93%
90%
3 500 to 2500 km
89%
83%
86%
80%
with density < 0.2 t/m
2500 to 10000
77%
66%
73%
60%
( *1 )
km
Above 10000 km
57%
36%
48%
23%
Agricultural Residues 1 to 500 km
95%
92%
93%
90%
3 500 to 2500 km
93%
89%
92%
87%
with density > 0.2 t/m
2500 to 10000
88%
82%
85%
78%
( *2 )
km
Above 10000 km
78%
68%
74%
61%
Straw pellets
1 to 500 km
88%
82%
85%
78%
500 to 10000 km
86%
79%
83%
74%
Above 10000 km
80%
70%
76%
64%
Bagasse briquettes
500 to 10000 km
93%
89%
91%
87 %
Above 10000 km
87%
81%
85%
77%
Palm Kernel Meal
Above 10000 km
20%
-18%
11%
-33%
Palm Kernel Meal (no Above 10000 km
46%
20%
42%
14%
CH 4 emissions from
oil mill)
( *1 )
This group of materials includes agricultural residues with a low bulk density and it comprises
materials such as straw bales, oat hulls, rice husks and sugar cane bagasse bales (not exhaustive list).
( *2 )
The group of agricultural residues with higher bulk density includes materials such as corn cobs, nut
shells, soybean hulls, palm kernel shells (not exhaustive list).
BIOGAS FOR ELECTRICITY ( *1 )
Biogas production Technological
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
system
option
emissions savings – emissions savings –
typical value
default value
Wet manure Case 1 Open digestate ( 2 )
146%
94%
( 1 )
Close digestate ( 3 )
246%
240%
Case 2 Open digestate
136%
85%
Close digestate
227%
219%
Case 3 Open digestate
142%
86%
Close digestate
243%
235%
Maize whole Case 1 Open digestate
36%
21%
Close digestate
59%
53%
plant ( 4 )
Case 2 Open digestate
34%
18%
Close digestate
55%
47%
Case 3 Open digestate
28%
10%
Close digestate
52%
43%
Biowaste
Case 1 Open digestate
47%
26%
Close digestate
84%
78%
Case 2 Open digestate
43%
21%
Close digestate
77%
68%
Case 3 Open digestate
38%
14%
Close digestate
76%
66%
( *1 )
Case 1 refers to pathways in which electricity and heat required in the process are
supplied by the CHP engine itself.
Case 2 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the process is taken from
the grid and the process heat is supplied by the CHP engine itself. In some Member
States, operators are not allowed to claim the gross production for subsidies and case
1 is the more likely configuration.
Case 3 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the process is taken from
the grid and the process heat is supplied by a biogas boiler. This case applies to some
installations in which the CHP engine is not on-site and biogas is sold (but not
upgraded to biomethane).
( 1 )
The values for biogas production from manure include negative emissions for
emissions saved from raw manure management. The value of e sca considered is equal
to – 45 g CO 2 eq/MJ manure used in anaerobic digestion.
( 2 )
Open storage of digestate accounts for additional emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O. The
magnitude of those emissions changes with ambient conditions, substrate types and
the digestion efficiency.
( 3 )
Close storage means that the digestate resulting from the digestion process is stored in
a gas-tight tank and that the additional biogas released during storage is considered to
be recovered for production of additional electricity or biomethane. No greenhouse
gas emissions are included in that process.
( 4 )
Maize whole plant means maize harvested as fodder and ensiled for preservation.
BIOGAS FOR ELECTRICITY – MIXTURES OF MANURE AND MAIZE
Biogas
production Technological option Greenhouse
gas Greenhouse
system
emissions savings – emissions savings –
typical value
default value
Manure
– Case 1
Open digestate
72%
45%
Close digestate
120%
114%
Maize
Case 2
Open digestate
67%
40%
80% - 20%
Close digestate
111%
103%
Case 3
Open digestate
65%
35%
Close digestate
114%
106%
Manure
– Case 1
Open digestate
60%
37%
Close digestate
100%
94%
Maize
Case 2
Open digestate
57%
32%
70% - 30%
Close digestate
93%
85%
Case 3
Open digestate
53%
27%
Close digestate
94%
85%
Manure
– Case 1
Open digestate
53%
32%
Close digestate
88%
82%
Maize
Case 2
Open digestate
50%
28%
60% - 40%
Close digestate
82%
73%
Case 3
Open digestate
46%
22%
Close digestate
81%
72%
BIOMETHANE FOR TRANSPORT ( *1 )
Biomethane
Technological
Greenhouse
gas Greenhouse
gas
production
options
emissions savings – emissions savings –
system
typical value
default value
Wet manure
Open digestate, no
117%
72%
off-gas combustion
Open digestate, off-
133%
94%
gas combustion
Close digestate, no
190%
179%
off-gas combustion
Close
digestate,
206%
202%
off-gas combustion
Maize
whole Open digestate, no
35%
17%
plant
off-gas combustion
Open digestate, off-
51%
39%
gas combustion
Close digestate, no
52%
41%
off-gas combustion
Close
digestate,
68%
63%
off-gas combustion
Biowaste
Open digestate, no
43%
20%
off-gas combustion
Open digestate, off-
59%
42%
gas combustion
Close digestate, no
70%
58%
off-gas combustion
Close
digestate,
86%
80%
off-gas combustion
( *1 )
The greenhouse gas emissions savings for biomethane only refer to compressed
biomethane relative to the fossil fuel comparator for transport of 94 g CO 2 eq/MJ.
BIOMETHANE – MIXTURES OF MANURE AND MAIZE ( *1 )
Biomethane
Technological
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
production
options
emissions savings –
emissions savings –
system
typical value
default value
Manure – Maize Open digestate, no
62%
35%
off-gas combustion
80% - 20%
( 1 )
Open digestate, off-
78%
57%
gas combustion ( 2 )
Close digestate, no
97%
86%
off-gas combustion
Close digestate, off-
113%
108%
gas combustion
Manure – Maize Open digestate, no
53%
29%
off-gas combustion
70% - 30%
Open digestate, off-
69%
51%
gas combustion
Close digestate, no
83%
71%
off-gas combustion
Close digestate, off-
99%
94%
gas combustion
Manure – Maize Open digestate, no
48%
25%
off-gas combustion
60% - 40%
Open digestate, off-
64%
48%
gas combustion
Close digestate, no
74%
62%
off-gas combustion
Close digestate, off-
90%
84%
gas combustion
( *1 )
The greenhouse gas emissions savings for biomethane only refer to compressed
biomethane relative to the fossil fuel comparator for transport of 94 g CO 2 eq/MJ.
( 1 )
This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to
biomethane: Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA), Pressure Water Scrubbing (PWS),
Membranes, Cryogenic, and Organic Physical Scrubbing (OPS). It includes an
emission of 0.03 MJ CH 4 /MJ biomethane for the emission of methane in the off-
gases.
( 2 )
This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to
biomethane: Pressure Water Scrubbing (PWS) when water is recycled, Pressure
Swing Adsorption (PSA), Chemical Scrubbing, Organic Physical Scrubbing (OPS),
Membranes and Cryogenic upgrading. No methane emissions are considered for this
category (the methane in the off-gas is combusted, if any).
Part B
METHODOLOGY
1. Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of
biomass fuels, shall be calculated as follows
(a) Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and
use of biomass fuels before conversion into electricity, heating
and cooling, shall be calculated as
E = e ec + e l + e p + e td + e u – e sca – e ccs – e ccr ,
Where
E = total emissions from the production of the fuel before energy conversion;
e ec = emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials;
e l = annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use
change;
e p = emissions from processing;
e td = emissions from transport and distribution;
e u = emissions from the fuel in use;
e sca = emission savings from soil carbon accumulation via improved
agricultural management;
e ccs = emission savings from CO 2 capture and geological storage; and
e ccr = emission savings from CO 2 capture and replacement.
Emissions from the manufacture of machinery and equipment
shall not be taken into account.
(b) In the case of co-digestion of different substrates in a
biogas plant for the production of biogas or biomethane, the
typical and default values of greenhouse gas emissions shall be
calculated as
where
E = greenhouse gas emissions per MJ biogas or biomethane produced from co-
digestion of the defined mixture of substrates
S n = Share of feedstock n in energy content
E n = Emission in g CO 2 /MJ for pathway n as provided in Part D of this
Schedule (*)
where
P n = energy yield [MJ] per kilogram of wet input of feedstock n (**)
W n = weighting factor of substrate n defined as
where
I n = Annual input to digester of substrate n [tonne of fresh matter]
AM n = Average annual moisture of substrate n [kg water/kg fresh matter]
SM n = Standard moisture for substrate n (***).
(*) For animal manure used as substrate, a bonus of 45g
CO 2 eq/MJ manure (– 54kg CO 2 eq/t fresh matter) is added for
improved agricultural and manure management.
(**) The following values of P n shall be used for calculating
typical and default values
P(Maize): 4.16 [MJ biogas /kg wet maize @ 65% moisture ]
P(Manure): 0.50 [MJ biogas /kg wet manure @ 90% moisture ]
P(Biowaste) 3.41 [MJ biogas /kg wet biowaste @ 76% moisture ]
(***) The following values of the standard moisture for substrate
SM n shall be used
SM(Maize): 0.65 [kg water/kg fresh matter]
SM(Manure): 0.90 [kg water/kg fresh matter]
SM(Biowaste): 0.76 [kg water/kg fresh matter]
(c) In the case of co-digestion of n substrates in a biogas
plant for the production of electricity or biomethane, actual
greenhouse gas emissions of biogas and biomethane are
calculated as follows
where
E = total emissions from the production of the biogas or biomethane before
energy conversion;
S n = Share of feedstock n, in fraction of input to the digester;
e ec,n = emissions from the extraction or cultivation of feedstock n;
e td,feedstock,n = emissions from transport of feedstock n to the digester;
e l,n = annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use
change, for feedstock n;
e sca = emission savings from improved agricultural management of feedstock
n (*);
e p = emissions from processing;
e td,product = emissions from transport and distribution of biogas and/or
biomethane;
e u = emissions from the fuel in use, that is greenhouse gases emitted during
combustion;
e ccs = emission savings from CO 2 capture and geological storage; and
e ccr = emission savings from CO 2 capture and replacement.
(*) For e sca a bonus of 45g CO 2 eq/MJ manure shall be
attributed for improved agricultural and manure management in the
case animal manure is used as a substrate for the production of biogas
and biomethane.
(d) Greenhouse gas emissions from the use of biomass
fuels in producing electricity, heating and cooling, including the
energy conversion to electricity and/or heat or cooling produced,
shall be calculated as follows
(i)
For energy installations delivering only heat
(ii) For
energy
installations
delivering
only
electricity
where
EC h,el = Total greenhouse gas emissions from the final energy commodity.
E = Total greenhouse gas emissions of the fuel before end-conversion.
η el = The electrical efficiency, defined as the annual electricity produced
divided by the annual fuel input, based on its energy content.
η h = The heat efficiency, defined as the annual useful heat output divided by
the annual fuel input, based on its energy content.
(iii) For the electricity or mechanical energy coming
from energy installations delivering useful heat together
with electricity and/or mechanical energy
(iv) For the useful heat coming from energy
installations delivering heat together with electricity and/or
mechanical energy
where
EC h,el = Total greenh ouse gas emissions from the final energy commodity.
E = Total greenhouse gas emissions of the fuel before end-conversion.
η el = The electrical efficiency, defined as the annual electricity produced
divided by the annual energy input, based on its energy content.
η h = The heat efficiency, defined as the annual useful heat output divided by
the annual energy input, based on its energy content.
C el = Fraction of exergy in the electricity, and/or mechanical energy, set to
100% (C el = 1).
C h = Carnot efficiency (fractio n of exergy in the useful heat).
The Carnot efficiency, C h , for useful heat at different temperatures
is defined as
where
T h = Temperature, measured in absolute temperature (kelvin) of the useful
heat at point of delivery.
T 0 = Temperature of surroundings, set at 273.15 kelvin (equal to 0°C).
If the excess heat is exported for heating of buildings, at a
temperature below 150°C (423.15 kelvin), C h can alternatively be
defined as follows
C h = Carnot efficiency in heat at 150°C (423.15 kelvin), which is: 0.3546
For the purposes of that calculation, the following definitions
apply
(i) "cogeneration" shall mean the simultaneous
generation in one process of thermal energy and electricity and/
or mechanical energy;
(ii) "useful heat" shall mean heat generated to satisfy an
economical justifiable demand for heat, for heating or cooling
purposes;
(iii) "economically justifiable demand" shall mean the
demand that does not exceed the needs for heat or cooling and
which would otherwise be satisfied at market conditions.
2. Greenhouse gas emissions from biomass fuels shall be
expressed as follows
(a) greenhouse gas emissions from biomass fuels, E,
shall be expressed in terms of grams of CO 2 equivalent per MJ of
biomass fuel, g CO 2 eq/MJ;
(b) greenhouse gas emissions from heating or electricity,
produced from biomass fuels, EC, shall be expressed
in terms of grams of CO 2 equivalent per MJ of final energy
commodity (heat or electricity), g CO 2 eq/MJ.
When heating and cooling are co-generated with electricity,
emissions shall be allocated between heat and electricity (as under
paragraph (d) of item 1), irrespective if the heat is used for actual
heating purposes or for cooling. ( Note 1 )
Where the greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction or
cultivation of raw materials e ec are expressed in unit g CO 2 eq/dry-ton
of feedstock, the conversion to grams of CO 2 equivalent per MJ of
fuel, g CO 2 eq /MJ, shall be calculated as follows ( Note 2 )
where
Fuel feedstock factor a = [Ratio of MJ feedstock required to make
1MJ fuel]
Emissions per dry-ton feedstock shall be calculated as follows
3. Greenhouse gas emissions savings from biomass fuels shall
be calculated as follows
(a) greenhouse gas emissions savings from biomass fuels used
as transport fuels
SAVING = (E F(t) – E B )/E F(t)
where
E B = total emissions from biomass fuels used as transport fuels; and
E F(t) = total emissions from the fossil fuel comparator for transport
(b) greenhouse gas emissions savings from heat and cooling,
and electricity being generated from biomass fuels
SAVING = (EC F(h&c,el) – EC B(h&c,el) )/EC F (h&c,el) ,
where
EC B(h&c,el) = total emissions from the heat or electricity,
EC F(h&c,el) = total emissions from the fossil fuel comparator for useful heat or
electricity.
4. The greenhouse gases taken into account for the purposes
of item1 shall be CO 2 , N 2 O and CH 4 . For the purposes of calculating
CO 2 equivalence, those gases shall be valued as follows
CO 2 : 1
N 2 O: 298
CH 4 : 25
5. Emissions from the extraction, harvesting or cultivation of
raw materials, e ec , shall include emissions from the extraction,
harvesting or cultivation process itself; from the collection, drying and
storage of raw materials; from waste and leakages; and from the
production of chemicals or products used in extraction or cultivation.
Capture of CO 2 in the cultivation of raw materials shall be excluded.
Estimates of emissions from agriculture biomass cultivation may be
derived from the regional averages for cultivation emissions included
in the reports referred to in Article 31(4) of the Directive or the
information on the disaggregated default values for cultivation
emissions included in this Schedule, as an alternative to using actual
values. In the absence of relevant information in those reports it is
allowed to calculate averages based on local farming practises based
for instance on data of a group of farms, as an alternative to using
actual values.
Estimates of emissions from cultivation and harvesting of
forestry biomass may be derived from the use of averages for
cultivation and harvesting emissions calculated for geographical areas
at national level, as an alternative to using actual values.
6. For the purposes of the calculation referred to in paragraph
(a) of item 1, emission savings from improved agriculture
management, e sca , such as shifting to reduced or zero-tillage, improved
crop/rotation, the use of cover crops, including crop residue
management, and the use of organic soil improver (e.g. compost,
manure fermentation digestate), shall be taken into account only if
solid and verifiable evidence is provided that the soil carbon has
increased or that it is reasonable to expect to have increased over the
period in which the raw materials concerned were cultivated while
taking into account the emissions where such practices lead to
increased fertiliser and herbicide use ( Note 3 ).
7. Annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by
land-use change, e l , shall be calculated by dividing total emissions
equally over twenty (20) years. For the calculation of those emissions
the following rule shall be applied
e l = (CS R – CS A ) × 3.664 × 1/20 × 1/P – e B , ( Note 4 )
where
e l = annualised greenhouse gas emissions from carbon stock change due to
land-use change (measured as mass of CO 2 -equivalent per unit biomass fuel energy).
"Cropland" ( Note 5 ) and "perennial cropland" ( Note 6 ) shall be regarded as one land
use;
CS R = the carbon stock per unit area associated with the reference land use
(measured as mass (tonnes) of carbon per unit area, including both soil and
vegetation). The reference land use shall be the land use in January 2008 or twenty
(20) years before the raw material was obtained, whichever was the later;
CS A = the carbon stock per unit area associated with the actual land use
(measured as mass (tonnes) of carbon per unit area, including both soil and
vegetation). In cases where the carbon stock accumulates over more than one year,
the value attributed to CS A shall be the estimated stock per unit area after twenty
(20) years or when the crop reaches maturity, whichever the earlier;
P = the productivity of the crop (measured as biomass fuel energy per unit area
per year); and
e B = bonus of 29g CO 2 eq/MJ biomass fuel if biomass is obtained from
restored degraded land under the conditions laid down in item 8.
8. The bonus of 29g CO 2 eq/MJ shall be attributed if evidence
is provided that the land
(a) was not in use for agriculture in January 2008 or any
other activity; and
(b) is severely degraded land, including such land that
was formerly in agricultural use.
The bonus of 29g CO 2 eq/MJ shall apply for a period of up to
twenty (20) years from the date of conversion of the land to
agricultural use, provided that a steady increase in carbon stocks as
well as a sizable reduction in erosion phenomena for land falling under
(b) are ensured.
9. "Severely degraded land" means land that, for a significant
period of time, has either been significantly salinated or presented
significantly low organic matter content and has been severely eroded.
10. In accordance with item 10 of Part C of the First Schedule,
Commission Decision 2010/335/EU ( Note 7 ), which provides for
guidelines for the calculation of land carbon stocks in relation to the
Directive, drawing on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories – volume 4, and in accordance with
Regulations (EU) No 525/2013 and (EU) 2018/841, shall serve as the
basis for the calculation of land carbon stocks.
11. Emissions from processing, e p , shall include emissions
from the processing itself; from waste and leakages; and from the
production of chemicals or products used in processing, including the
CO 2 emissions corresponding to the carbon contents of fossil inputs,
whether or not actually combusted in the process.
In accounting for the consumption of electricity not produced
within the solid or gaseous biomass fuel production plant, the
greenhouse gas emissions intensity of the production and distribution
of that electricity shall be assumed to be equal to the average emission
intensity of the production and distribution of electricity in a defined
region. By way of derogation from this rule, producers may use an
average value for an individual electricity production plant for
electricity produced by that plant, if that plant is not connected to the
electricity grid.
Emissions from processing shall include emissions from drying
of interim products and materials where relevant.
12. Emissions from transport and distribution, e td , shall include
emissions from the transport of raw and semi-finished materials and
from the storage and distribution of finished materials. Emissions from
transport and distribution to be taken into account under item 5 shall
not be covered by this item.
13. Emissions of CO 2 from fuel in use, e u, shall be taken to be
zero for biomass fuels. Emissions of non-CO 2 greenhouse gases (CH 4
and N 2 O) from the fuel in use shall be included in the e u factor.
14. Emission savings from CO 2 capture and geological storage,
e ccs , that have not already been accounted for in e p , shall be limited to
emissions avoided through the capture and storage of emitted CO 2
directly related to the extraction, transport, processing and distribution
of biomass fuel if stored in compliance with Directive 2009/31/EC.
15. Emission savings from CO 2 capture and replacement, e ccr ,
shall be related directly to the production of biomass fuel they are
attributed to, and shall be limited to emissions avoided through the
capture of CO 2 of which the carbon originates from biomass and
which is used to replace fossil-derived CO 2 in production of
commercial products and services.
16. Where a cogeneration unit – providing heat and, or
electricity to a biomass fuel production process for which emissions
are being calculated – produces excess electricity and/or excess useful
heat, the greenhouse gas emissions shall be divided between the
electricity and the useful heat according to the temperature of the heat
(which reflects the usefulness (utility) of the heat). The useful part of
the heat is found by multiplying its energy content with the Carnot
efficiency, C h , calculated as follows
where
T h = Temperature, measured in absolute temperature (kelvin) of the useful
heat at point of delivery.
T 0 = Temperature of surroundings, set at 273.15 kelvin (equal to 0°C).
If the excess heat is exported for heating of buildings, at a
temperature below 150°C (423.15 kelvin), C h can alternatively be
defined as follows
C h = Carnot efficiency in heat at 150 °C (423.15 kelvin), which is: 0.3546
For the purposes of that calculation, the actual efficiencies shall
be used, defined as the annual mechanical energy, electricity and heat
produced respectively divided by the annual energy input.
For the purposes of that calculation, the following definitions
apply
(a) "cogeneration" shall mean the simultaneous
generation in one process of thermal energy and electrical and/or
mechanical energy;
(b) "useful heat" shall mean heat generated to satisfy an
economical justifiable demand for heat, for heating or cooling
purposes;
(c) "economically justifiable demand" shall mean the
demand that does not exceed the needs for heat or cooling and
which would otherwise be satisfied at market conditions.
17. Where a biomass fuel production process produces, in
combination, the fuel for which emissions are being calculated and one
or more other products ("co-products"), greenhouse gas emissions
shall be divided between the fuel or its intermediate product and the
co-products in proportion to their energy content (determined by lower
heating value in the case of co-products other than electricity and
heat). The greenhouse gas intensity of excess useful heat or excess
electricity is the same as the greenhouse gas intensity of heat or
electricity delivered to the biomass fuel production process and is
determined from calculating the greenhouse gas intensity of all inputs
and emissions, including the feedstock and CH 4 and N 2 O emissions, to
and from the cogeneration unit, boiler or other apparatus delivering
heat or electricity to the biomass fuel production process. In the case
of cogeneration of electricity and heat, the calculation is performed
following item16.
18. For the purposes of the calculations referred to in item 17,
the emissions to be divided shall be e ec + e l + e sca + those fractions of e p ,
e td , e ccs and e ccr that take place up to and including the process step at
which a co-product is produced. If any allocation to co-products has
taken place at an earlier process step in the life-cycle, the fraction of
those emissions assigned in the last such process step to the
intermediate fuel product shall be used for those purposes instead of
the total of those emissions.
In the case of biogas and biomethane, all co-products shall be
taken into account for the purposes of that calculation. No emissions
shall be allocated to wastes and residues. Co-products that have a
negative energy content shall be considered to have an energy content
of zero for the purposes of the calculation.
Wastes and residues, including tree tops and branches, straw,
husks, cobs and nut shells, and residues from processing, including
crude glycerine (glycerine that is not refined) and bagasse, shall be
considered to have zero life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions up to the
process of collection of those materials irrespectively of whether they
are processed to interim products before being transformed into the
final product.
In the case of biomass fuels produced in refineries, other than the
combination of processing plants with boilers or cogeneration units
providing heat and/or electricity to the processing plant, the unit of
analysis for the purposes of the calculation referred to in item 17 shall
be the refinery.
19. For biomass fuels used for the production of electricity, for
the purposes of the calculation referred to in item 3, the fossil fuel
comparator EC F(el) shall be 183g CO 2 eq/MJ electricity or 212g
CO 2 eq/MJ electricity for the outermost regions.
For biomass fuels used for the production of useful heat, as well
as for the production of heating and/or cooling, for the purposes of the
calculation referred to in item 3, the fossil fuel comparator EC F(h) shall
be 80g CO 2 eq/MJ heat.
For biomass fuels used for the production of useful heat, in which
a direct physical substitution of coal can be demonstrated, for the
purposes of the calculation referred to in item 3, the fossil fuel
comparator EC F(h) shall be 124g CO 2 eq/MJ heat.
For biomass fuels used as transport fuels, for the purposes of the
calculation referred to in item 3, the fossil fuel comparator E F(t) shall
be 94g CO 2 eq/MJ.
Notes to Part B of this Schedule
(Note 1) Heat or waste heat is used to generate cooling (chilled
air or water) through absorption chillers. Therefore, it is appropriate to
calculate only the emissions associated to the heat produced, per MJ of
heat, irrespectively if the end-use of the heat is actual heating or
cooling via absorption chillers.
(Note 2)The formula for calculating greenhouse gas emissions
from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials e ec describes cases
where feedstock is converted into biofuels in one step. For more
complex supply chains, adjustments are needed for calculating
greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw
materials e ec for intermediate products.
(Note 3) Measurements of soil carbon can constitute such
evidence, e.g. by a first measurement in advance of the cultivation and
subsequent ones at regular intervals several years apart. In such a case,
before the second measurement is available, increase in soil carbon
would be estimated on the basis of representative experiments or soil
models. From the second measurement onwards, the measurements
would constitute the basis for determining the existence of an increase
in soil carbon and its magnitude.
(Note 4) The quotient obtained by dividing the molecular weight
of CO2 (44.010 g/mol) by the molecular weight of carbon (12.011g/
mol) is equal to 3.664.
(Note 5) Cropland as defined by IPCC.
(Note 6) Perennial crops are defined as multi-annual crops, the
stem of which is usually not annually harvested such as short rotation
coppice and oil palm.
(Note 7) Commission Decision 2010/335/EU of 10 June 2010 on
guidelines for the calculation of land carbon stocks for the purpose of
Annex V to Directive 2009/28/EC (OJL151, 17.6.2010, p.19).
Part C
DISAGGREGATED DEFAULT VALUES FOR BIOMASS FUELS
Wood briquettes or pellets
Biomass fuel Transpor Greenhouse gas emissions – typical value Greenhouse gas emissions – default
production
t distance
value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
system
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
Cultivati Processi Transp Non-
Cultiva Processi Trans Non-
on
ng
ort
CO 2 emissi tion
ng
port
CO 2 emiss
ons
from
ions from
the fuel in
the fuel in
use
use
Wood chips 1 to 500
0.0
1.6
3.0
0.4
0.0
1.9
3.6
0.5
from
forest km
residues
to
0.0
1.6
5.2
0.4
0.0
1.9
6.2
0.5
2500 km
2500 to
0.0
1.6
10.5
0.4
0.0
1.9
12.6
0.5
10000 km
Above
0.0
1.6
20.5
0.4
0.0
1.9
24.6
0.5
10000 km
Wood chips 2500 to
4.4
0.0
11.0
0.4
4.4
0.0
13.2
0.5
from
SRC 10000 km
(Eucalyptus)
Wood chips 1 to 500
3.9
0.0
3.5
0.4
3.9
0.0
4.2
0.5
from
SRC km
(Poplar
– 500
to
3.9
0.0
5.6
0.4
3.9
0.0
6.8
0.5
fertilised)
2500 km
2500 to
3.9
0.0
11.0
0.4
3.9
0.0
13.2
0.5
10000 km
Above
3.9
0.0
21.0
0.4
3.9
0.0
25.2
0.5
10000 km
Wood chips 1 to 500
2.2
0.0
3.5
0.4
2.2
0.0
4.2
0.5
from
SRC km
(Poplar – Not 500
to
2.2
0.0
5.6
0.4
2.2
0.0
6.8
0.5
fertilised)
2500 km
2500 to
2.2
0.0
11.0
0.4
2.2
0.0
13.2
0.5
10000 km
Above
2.2
0.0
21.0
0.4
2.2
0.0
25.2
0.5
10000 km
Wood chips 1 to 500
1.1
0.3
3.0
0.4
1.1
0.4
3.6
0.5
from
km
stemwood
to
1.1
0.3
5.2
0.4
1.1
0.4
6.2
0.5
2500 km
2500 to
1.1
0.3
10.5
0.4
1.1
0.4
12.6
0.5
10000 km
Above
1.1
0.3
20.5
0.4
1.1
0.4
24.6
0.5
10000 km
Wood chips 1 to 500
0.0
0.3
3.0
0.4
0.0
0.4
3.6
0.5
from
wood km
industry
to
0.0
0.3
5.2
0.4
0.0
0.4
6.2
0.5
residues
2500 km
2500 to
0.0
0.3
10.5
0.4
0.0
0.4
12.6
0.5
10000 km
Above
0.0
0.3
20.5
0.4
0.0
0.4
24.6
0.5
10000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets
Biomass
fuel Transport Greenhouse gas emissions – typical value
Greenhouse gas emissions – default
production
distance
value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
system
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
Cultivation
Processing
Transport & Non-
Cultivation
Processing Transport
& Non-
distribution CO 2 emissions
distribution
CO 2 emissions
from the fuel in
from the fuel in
use
use
Wood
1 to 500
0.0
25.8
2.9
0.3
0.0
30.9
3.5
0.3
briquettes
or km
from 500
to
0.0
25.8
2.8
0.3
0.0
30.9
3.3
0.3
pellets
forest residues 2500 km
to
0.0
25.8
4.3
0.3
0.0
30.9
5.2
0.3
(case 1)
10000 km
Above
0.0
25.8
7.9
0.3
0.0
30.9
9.5
0.3
10000 km
Wood
1 to 500
0.0
12.5
3.0
0.3
0.0
15.0
3.6
0.3
briquettes
or km
from 500
to
0.0
12.5
2.9
0.3
0.0
15.0
3.5
0.3
pellets
forest residues 2500 km
to
0.0
12.5
4.4
0.3
0.0
15.0
5.3
0.3
(case 2a)
10000 km
Above
0.0
12.5
8.1
0.3
0.0
15.0
9.8
0.3
10000 km
Wood
1 to 500
0.0
2.4
3.0
0.3
0.0
2.8
3.6
0.3
briquettes
or km
from 500
to
0.0
2.4
2.9
0.3
0.0
2.8
3.5
0.3
pellets
forest residues 2500 km
to
0.0
2.4
4.4
0.3
0.0
2.8
5.3
0.3
(case 3a)
10000 km
Above
0.0
2.4
8.2
0.3
0.0
2.8
9.8
0.3
10000 km
Wood
to
3.9
24.5
4.3
0.3
3.9
29.4
5.2
0.3
briquettes from 10000 km
short
rotation
coppice
(Eucalyptus
–
case 1)
Wood
to
5.0
10.6
4.4
0.3
5.0
12.7
5.3
0.3
briquettes from 10000 km
short
rotation
coppice
(Eucalyptus
–
case 2a)
Wood
to
5.3
0.3
4.4
0.3
5.3
0.4
5.3
0.3
briquettes from 10000 km
short
rotation
coppice
(Eucalyptus
–
case 3a)
Wood
1 to 500
3.4
24.5
2.9
0.3
3.4
29.4
3.5
0.3
briquettes from km
short rotation 500
to
3.4
24.5
4.3
0.3
3.4
29.4
5.2
0.3
10000 km
coppice
Above
3.4
24.5
7.9
0.3
3.4
29.4
9.5
0.3
(Poplar
–
10 000 km
Fertilised
–
case 1)
Wood
1 to 500
4.4
10.6
3.0
0.3
4.4
12.7
3.6
0.3
briquettes from km
short rotation 500
to
4.4
10.6
4.4
0.3
4.4
12.7
5.3
0.3
10000 km
coppice
Above
4.4
10.6
8.1
0.3
4.4
12.7
9.8
0.3
(Poplar
–
10000 km
Fertilised
–
case 2a)
Wood
1 to 500
4.6
0.3
3.0
0.3
4.6
0.4
3.6
0.3
briquettes from km
short rotation 500
to
4.6
0.3
4.4
0.3
4.6
0.4
5.3
0.3
10000 km
coppice
Above
4.6
0.3
8.2
0.3
4.6
0.4
9.8
0.3
(Poplar
–
10000 km
Fertilised
–
case 3a)
Wood
1 to 500
2.0
24.5
2.9
0.3
2.0
29.4
3.5
0.3
briquettes from km
short rotation 500
to
2.0
24.5
4.3
0.3
2.0
29.4
5.2
0.3
2500 km
coppice
to
2.0
24.5
7.9
0.3
2.0
29.4
9.5
0.3
(Poplar – no
10000 km
fertilisation
–
case 1)
Wood
1 to 500
2.5
10.6
3.0
0.3
2.5
12.7
3.6
0.3
briquettes from km
short rotation 500
to
2.5
10.6
4.4
0.3
2.5
12.7
5.3
0.3
10000 km
coppice
Above
2.5
10.6
8.1
0.3
2.5
12.7
9.8
0.3
(Poplar – no
10000 km
fertilisation
–
case 2a)
Wood
1 to 500
2.6
0.3
3.0
0.3
2.6
0.4
3.6
0.3
briquettes from km
short rotation 500
to
2.6
0.3
4.4
0.3
2.6
0.4
5.3
0.3
10000 km
coppice
Above
2.6
0.3
8.2
0.3
2.6
0.4
9.8
0.3
(Poplar – no
10000 km
fertilisation–
case 3a)
Wood
1 to 500
1.1
24.8
2.9
0.3
1.1
29.8
3.5
0.3
briquettes
or km
from 500
to
1.1
24.8
2.8
0.3
1.1
29.8
3.3
0.3
pellets
2500 km
stemwood
to
1.1
24.8
4.3
0.3
1.1
29.8
5.2
0.3
(case 1)
10000 km
Above
1.1
24.8
7.9
0.3
1.1
29.8
9.5
0.3
10000 km
Wood
1 to 500
1.4
11.0
3.0
0.3
1.4
13.2
3.6
0.3
briquettes
or km
from 500
to
1.4
11.0
2.9
0.3
1.4
13.2
3.5
0.3
pellets
2500 km
stemwood
to
1.4
11.0
4.4
0.3
1.4
13.2
5.3
0.3
(case 2a)
10000 km
Above
1.4
11.0
8.1
0.3
1.4
13.2
9.8
0.3
10000 km
Wood
1 to 500
1.4
0.8
3.0
0.3
1.4
0.9
3.6
0.3
briquettes
or km
from 500
to
1.4
0.8
2.9
0.3
1.4
0.9
3.5
0.3
pellets
2500 km
stemwood
to
1.4
0.8
4.4
0.3
1.4
0.9
5.3
0.3
(case 3a)
10000 km
Above
1.4
0.8
8.2
0.3
1.4
0.9
9.8
0.3
10000 km
Wood
1 to 500
0.0
14.3
2.8
0.3
0.0
17.2
3.3
0.3
briquettes
or km
from 500
to
0.0
14.3
2.7
0.3
0.0
17.2
3.2
0.3
pellets
wood industry 2500 km
to
0.0
14.3
4.2
0.3
0.0
17.2
5.0
0.3
residues
10000 km
(case 1)
Above
0.0
14.3
7.7
0.3
0.0
17.2
9.2
0.3
10000 km
Wood
1 to 500
0.0
6.0
2.8
0.3
0.0
7.2
3.4
0.3
briquettes
or km
from 500
to
0.0
6.0
2.7
0.3
0.0
7.2
3.3
0.3
pellets
wood industry 2500 km
to
0.0
6.0
4.2
0.3
0.0
7.2
5.1
0.3
residues
10000 km
(case 2a)
Above
0.0
6.0
7.8
0.3
0.0
7.2
9.3
0.3
10000 km
Wood
1 to 500
0.0
0.2
2.8
0.3
0.0
0.3
3.4
0.3
briquettes
or km
from 500
to
0.0
0.2
2.7
0.3
0.0
0.3
3.3
0.3
pellets
wood industry 2500 km
to
0.0
0.2
4.2
0.3
0.0
0.3
5.1
0.3
residues
10000 km
(case 3a)
Above
0.0
0.2
7.8
0.3
0.0
0.3
9.3
0.3
10000 km
Agriculture pathways
Biomass fuel Transport Greenhouse gas emissions – typical Greenhouse gas emissions – default value
production
distance
value (g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
system
Cultivation Processing Transport & Non-
Cultivation
Processing Transport
& Non-
distribution
CO 2 emissions
distribution
CO 2 emissions
from the fuel in
from the fuel in use
use
Agricultural
1 to 500 km
0.0
0.9
2.6
0.2
0.0
1.1
3.1
0.3
Residues with 500 to 2500
0.0
0.9
6.5
0.2
0.0
1.1
7.8
0.3
km
density
to
0.0
0.9
14.2
0.2
0.0
1.1
17.0
0.3
< 0.2 t/m 3
10000 km
Above
0.0
0.9
28.3
0.2
0.0
1.1
34.0
0.3
10000 km
Agricultural 1 to 500 km
0.0
0.9
2.6
0.2
0.0
1.1
3.1
0.3
Residues with 500 to 2500
0.0
0.9
3.6
0.2
0.0
1.1
4.4
0.3
km
density
to
0.0
0.9
7.1
0.2
0.0
1.1
8.5
0.3
> 0.2 t/m 3
10000 km
Above
0.0
0.9
13.6
0.2
0.0
1.1
16.3
0.3
10000 km
Straw pellets 1 to 500 km
0.0
5.0
3.0
0.2
0.0
6.0
3.6
0.3
to
0.0
5.0
4.6
0.2
0.0
6.0
5.5
0.3
10000 km
Above
0.0
5.0
8.3
0.2
0.0
6.0
10.0
0.3
10000 km
Bagasse
to
0.0
0.3
4.3
0.4
0.0
0.4
5.2
0.5
briquettes
10000 km
Above
0.0
0.3
8.0
0.4
0.0
0.4
9.5
0.5
10000 km
Palm Kernel Above
21.6
21.1
11.2
0.2
21.6
25.4
13.5
0.3
Meal
10 000 km
Palm Kernel Above
21.6
3.5
11.2
0.2
21.6
4.2
13.5
0.3
Meal
(no 10000 km
CH 4 emission
s
from
oil
mill)
Disaggregated default values for biogas for the production of
electricity
Biomass fuel production Technology
TYPICAL VALUE [g CO 2 eq/MJ]
DEFAULT VALUE [g CO 2 eq/MJ]
system
Cultivatio Processin Non-
Transpo Manure
Cultivati Processin Non-
Transport
Manure
n
g
CO 2 emission rt
credits
on
g
CO 2 emissio
credits
s from the
ns from the
fuel in use
fuel in use
Wet
case 1
Open
0.0
69.6
8.9
0.8
– 107.3
0.0
(1) Energy from biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels Sustainability
shall be taken into account for the purposes referred to in paragraphs and
gas emissions
(a), (b) and (c) of this sub-regulation only if they fulfil the savings
for biofuels,
sustainability and the greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria laid bioliquids and
biomass.
down in sub-regulations (6) to (13)
(a) contributing towards the Union target set in Article
3(1) of the Directive and the renewable energy share of Malta as
its contribution thereto;
(b) measuring
compliance
with
renewable
energy
obligations;
(c) eligibility for financial support for the consumption
of biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels.
(2) Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels which are produced
from waste and residues, other than agricultural, aquaculture, fisheries
and forestry residues, are required to fulfil only the greenhouse gas
emissions saving criteria laid down in sub-regulations (12) and (13) in
order to be taken into account for the purposes referred to in
paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1)
Provided that this sub-regulation shall also apply to waste
and residues that are first processed into a product before being further
processed into biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels.
(3) Electricity, heating and cooling produced from municipal
solid waste shall not be subject to the greenhouse gas emissions saving
criteria laid down in sub-regulations (12) and (13).
(4) Biomass fuels shall fulfil the sustainability and greenhouse
gas emissions saving criteria laid down in sub-regulations (6) to (13) if
used in installations producing electricity, heating and cooling or fuels
with a total rated thermal input equal to or exceeding twenty
megawatts (20MW) in the case of solid biomass fuels, and with a total
rated thermal input equal to or exceeding two megawatts (2MW) in the
case of gaseous biomass fuels
Provided that the Minister may require that the
sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria be
applicable to installations with lower total rated thermal input.
(5) The sustainability and the greenhouse gas emissions saving
criteria laid down in sub-regulations (6) to (13) shall apply irrespective
of the geographical origin of the biomass.
(6)
Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from
waste and residues derived not from forestry but from agricultural land
shall not be taken into account for the purposes referred to in
paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1) unless either the
operators or the national authorities of the country in which they are
produced have monitoring or management plans in place in order to
address the impacts on soil quality and soil carbon, and the
information about how those impacts are monitored and managed is
being reported pursuant to Article 30(3) of the Directive.
(7) Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from
agricultural biomass taken into account for the purposes referred to in
paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1) shall not be made from
raw material obtained from land with a high biodiversity value,
namely land that had one of the following statuses in or after January
2008, whether or not the land continues to have that status
(a) primary forest and other wooded land, namely forest
and other wooded land of native species, where there is no
clearly visible indication of human activity and the ecological
processes are not significantly disturbed; or
(b) highly biodiverse forest and other wooded land which
is species-rich and not degraded, or has been identified as being
highly biodiverse by the relevant competent authority, unless
evidence is provided that the production of that raw material did
not interfere with those nature protection purposes; or
(c)
areas designated
(i) by law or by the relevant competent authority
for nature protection purposes; or
(ii) for the protection of rare, threatened or
endangered ecosystems or species recognised by
international agreements or included in lists drawn up by
intergovernmental organisations or the International Union
for the Conservation of Nature, subject to their recognition
in accordance with the first sub-paragraph of Article 30(4)
of the Directive;
unless evidence is provided that the production of
that raw material did not interfere with those nature
protection purposes;
or
(d)
highly biodiverse grassland spanning more than one
hectare that is
(i) natural, namely grassland that would remain
grassland in the absence of human intervention and that
maintains the natural species composition and ecological
characteristics and processes; or
(ii) non-natural, namely grassland that would cease to
be grassland in the absence of human intervention and that
is species-rich and not degraded and has been identified as
being highly biodiverse by the relevant competent
authority, unless evidence is provided that the harvesting of
the raw material is necessary to preserve its status as highly
biodiverse grassland.
(8) Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from
agricultural biomass taken into account for the purposes referred to in
paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1) shall not be made from
raw material obtained from land with high-carbon stock, namely land
that had one of the following statuses in January 2008 and no longer
has that status
(a) wetlands, namely land that is covered with or
saturated by water permanently or for a significant part of the
year;or
(b) continuously forested areas, namely land spanning
more than one hectare with trees higher than five metres and a
canopy cover of more than thirty per cent (30%), or trees able to
reach those thresholds in situ; or
(c) land spanning more than one hectare with trees higher
than five (5) metres and a canopy cover of between ten and thirty
per cent (10% - 30%), or trees able to reach those thresholds in
situ, unless evidence is provided that the carbon stock of the area
before and after conversion is such that, when the methodology
laid down in Part C of the First Schedule is applied, the
conditions laid down in sub-regulations (12) and (13) would be
fulfilled
Provided that this sub-regulation shall not apply if, at
the time the raw material was obtained, the land had the same
status as it had in January 2008.
(9) Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from
agricultural biomass taken into account for the purposes referred to in
paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1) shall not be made from
raw material obtained from land that was peatland in January 2008,
unless evidence is provided that the cultivation and harvesting of that
raw material does not involve drainage of previously undrained soil.
(10) Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from
forest biomass taken into account for the purposes referred to in
paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1) shall meet the
following criteria to minimise the risk of using forest biomass derived
from unsustainable production
(a) the country in which forest biomass was harvested
has national or sub-national laws applicable in the area of harvest
as well as monitoring and enforcement systems in place
ensuring
(i)
the legality of harvesting operations;
(ii)
forest regeneration of harvested areas;
(iii) that areas designated by international or
national law or by the relevant competent authority for
nature protection purposes, including in wetlands and
peatlands, are protected;
(iv) that harvesting is carried out considering
maintenance of soil quality and biodiversity with the aim of
minimising negative impacts; and
(v) that harvesting maintains or improves the long-
term production capacity of the forest; and
(b) when the evidence referred to in paragraph (a) of this
sub-regulation is not available, the biofuels, bioliquids and
biomass fuels produced from forest biomass shall be taken into
account for the purposes referred to in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c)
of sub-regulation (1) if management systems are in place at
forest sourcing area level ensuring
(i)
the legality of harvesting operations;
(ii)
forest regeneration of harvested areas;
(iii) that areas designated by international or
national law or by the relevant competent authority for
nature protection purposes, including in wetlands and
peatlands, are protected unless evidence is provided that
the harvesting of that raw material does not interfere with
those nature protection purposes;
(iv) that harvesting is carried out considering the
maintenance of soil quality and biodiversity with the aim of
minimising negative impacts; and
(v) that harvesting maintains or improves the long-
term production capacity of the forest.
(11) Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from
forest biomass taken into account for the purposes referred to in
paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1) shall meet the
following land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) criteria
(a) the country or regional economic integration
organisation of origin of the forest biomass is a Party to the Paris
Agreement and
(i) it has submitted a nationally determined
contribution (NDC) to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), covering
emissions and removals from agriculture, forestry and land
use which ensures that changes in carbon stock associated
with biomass harvest are accounted towards the country's
commitment to reduce or limit greenhouse gas emissions as
specified in the nationally determined contribution; or
(ii) it has national or sub-national laws in place, in
accordance with Article 5 of the Paris Agreement,
applicable in the area of harvest, to conserve and enhance
carbon stocks and sinks, and providing evidence that
reported LULUCF-sector emissions do not exceed
removals;
(b) where the evidence referred to in paragraph (a) of this
sub-regulation is not available, the biofuels, bioliquids and
biomass fuels produced from forest biomass shall be taken into
account for the purposes referred to in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c)
of sub-regulation (1) if management systems are in place at
forest sourcing area level to ensure that carbon stocks and sinks
levels in the forest are maintained, or strengthened over the long
term.
(12) The greenhouse gas emission savings from the use of
biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels taken into account for the
purposes referred to in sub-regulation (1) shall be
(a) at least fifty per cent (50%) for biofuels, biogas
consumed in the transport sector, and bioliquids produced in
installations in operation on or before 5 th October 2015;
(b) at least sixty per cent (60%) for biofuels, biogas
consumed in the transport sector, and bioliquids produced in
installations starting operation from 6 October 2015 until 31 st
December 2020;
(c) at least sixty-five per cent (65%) for biofuels, biogas
consumed in the transport sector, and bioliquids produced in
installations starting operation from 1 st January 2021;
(d) at least seventy per cent (70%) for electricity, heating
and cooling production from biomass fuels used in installations
starting operation from 1 st January 2021 until 31 st December
2025, and eighty per cent (80%) for installations starting
operation from 1 st January 2026
Provided that an installation shall be considered to be in
operation once the physical production of biofuels, biogas consumed
in the transport sector and bioliquids, and the physical production of
heating and cooling and electricity from biomass fuels has started.
(13) The greenhouse gas emission savings from the use of
biofuels, biogas consumed in the transport sector, bioliquids and
biomass fuels used in installations producing heating, cooling and
electricity shall be calculated in accordance with sub-regulation (1) of
regulation 5.
(14) Electricity from biomass fuels shall be taken into account
for the purposes referred to in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-
regulation (1) only if it meets one or more of the following
requirements
(a) it is produced in installations with a total rated
thermal input below fifty megawatts (50MW);
(b) for installations with a total rated thermal input from
fifty to one hundred megawatts (50 to 100MW), it is produced
applying high-efficiency cogeneration technology, or, for
electricity-only installations, meeting an energy efficiency level
associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AEELs) as
defined in Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2017/1442;
(c) for installations with a total rated thermal input above
one hundred megawatts (100MW), it is produced applying high-
efficiency cogeneration technology, or, for electricity-only
installations, achieving a net-electrical efficiency of at least
thirty-six per cent (36%);
(d)
it is produced applying Biomass CO 2 Capture and
Storage
Provided that for the purposes of paragraphs (a), (b) and (c)
of sub-regulation (1), electricity-only-installations shall be taken into
account only if they do not use fossil fuels as a main fuel and only if
there is no cost-effective potential for the application of high-
efficiency cogeneration technology according to the assessment
carried out in accordance with the Energy Efficiency Regulations.
(15) Sub-regulation (14) shall
(a) apply only to installations starting operation or
converted to the use of biomass fuels after 25 th December 2021
for the purposes of paragraphs (a) and (b) of sub-regulation (1);
(b) be without prejudice to support granted under support
schemes in accordance with regulation 4 of the Promotion of
Energy from Renewable Sources Regulations, 2021 approved by L.N.
2021. 25 December 2021 for the purposes of paragraph (c) of sub-
regulation (1);
(c) not apply to electricity from installations which are
the object of a specific notification to the Commission based on
the duly substantiated existence of risks for the security of
supply of electricity
Provided that the Minister may apply higher energy
efficiency requirements to installations with lower rated thermal input.
(16) For the purposes referred to in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of
sub-regulation (1), and without prejudice to regulations 27 and 28 of
the Promotion of Energy from Renewable Sources Regulations, 2021, L.N.
2021. the Regulator shall not refuse to take into account, on other
sustainability grounds, biofuels and bioliquids obtained in compliance
with this regulation, provided that this sub-regulation shall be without
prejudice to public support granted under support schemes approved
before 24 th December 2018.
(17) For the purposes referred to in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of
sub-regulation (1), the Minister may establish additional sustainability
criteria for biomass fuels.
Part A
PROVISIONAL ESTIMATED INDIRECT LAND-USE CHANGE
EMISSIONS FROM BIOFUEL, BIOLIQUID AND BIOMASS FUEL
FEEDSTOCK (g CO 2 eq/MJ) ( Note 1 )
Feedstock group
Mean ( 1 )
Interpercentile range derived from
the sensitivity analysis ( 2 )
Cereals and other starch-
8 to 16
4 to 17
33 to 66
( 1 )The mean values included here represent a weighted average of the individually modelled feedstock
( 2 ) The range included here reflects 90% of the results using the fifth and ninety-fifth percentile values
resulting from the analysis. The fifth percentile suggests a value below which 5% of the observations
were found (namely, 5% of total data used showed results below 8, 4, and 33g CO 2 eq/MJ). The ninety-
fifth percentile suggests a value below which 95% of the observations were found (namely, 5% of total
data used showed results above 16, 17, and 66g CO 2 eq/MJ).
Part B
BIOFUELS, BIOLIQUIDS AND BIOMASS FUELS FOR WHICH
THE ESTIMATED INDIRECT LAND-USE CHANGE EMISSIONS
ARE CONSIDERED TO BE ZERO
Biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from the
following feedstock categories will be considered to have estimated
indirect land-use change emissions of zero
(1) feedstocks which are not listed under Part A of this
Schedule.
(2) feedstocks, the production of which has led to direct land-
use change, namely, a change from one of the following IPCC land
cover categories: forest land, grassland, wetlands, settlements, or other
land, to cropland or perennial cropland ( Note 2 ). In such a case a direct
land-use change emission value (e l ) should have been calculated in
accordance with item 7 of Part C of the First Schedule.
Notes to this Schedule
(Note 1) The mean values reported here represent a weighted
average of the individually modelled feedstock values. The magnitude
of the values in the Annex is sensitive to the range of assumptions
(such as treatment of co-products, yield developments, carbon stocks
and displacement of other commodities) used in the economic models
developed for their estimation. Although it is therefore not possible to
fully characterise the uncertainty range associated with such estimates,
a sensitivity analysis conducted on the results based on a random
variation of key parameters, a so-called Monte Carlo analysis, was
conducted.
(Note 2) Perennial crops are defined as multi-annual crops, the
stem of which is usually not annually harvested such as short rotation
coppice and oil palm.
(1) Where biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels, or
other fuels that are eligible for counting towards the amount of energy
from renewable sources consumed in the transport sector for the
purposes of calculating the share of renewable energy within the final
consumption of energy in the transport sector are to be taken into
account for the purposes of calculating the share of renewable energy
in heating and cooling and for the purpose of calculating the share of
renewable energy in the transport sector, and for the purpose referred
to in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of sub-regulation (1) of regulation 3,
economic operators are required to show that the sustainability and
greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria laid down in sub-regulations
(6) to (13) of regulation 3 have been fulfilled, and for this purpose
economic operators are required to use a mass balance system which
(a) allows consignments of raw material or fuels with
differing sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions saving
characteristics to be mixed for instance in a container, processing
or logistical facility, transmission and distribution infrastructure
or site;
(b) allows consignments of raw material with differing
energy content to be mixed for the purposes of further
processing, provided that the size of consignments is adjusted
according to their energy content;
(c) requires information about the sustainability and
greenhouse gas emissions saving characteristics and sizes of the
consignments referred to in paragraph (a) to remain assigned to
the mixture; and
(d) provides for the sum of all consignments withdrawn
from the mixture to be described as having the same
sustainability characteristics, in the same quantities, as the sum
of all consignments added to the mixture and requires that this
balance be achieved over an appropriate period of time.
(2) The mass balance system referred to in sub-regulation (1)
shall ensure that each consignment is counted only once when
calculating the gross final consumption of electricity from renewable
sources, the gross final consumption of energy from renewable sources
in the heating and cooling sector and the final consumption of energy
from renewable sources in the transport sector for the purposes of
calculating the gross final consumption of energy from renewable
sources, and shall include information on whether support has been
provided for the production of that consignment, and if so, on the type
of support scheme.
(3) Where a consignment is processed, information on the
sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions saving characteristics of
the consignment shall be adjusted and assigned to the output in
accordance with the following rules
(a) when the processing of a consignment of raw material
yields only one output that is intended for the production of
biofuels, bioliquids or biomass fuels, renewable liquid and
gaseous transport fuels of non-biological origin, or recycled
carbon fuels, the size of the consignment and the related
quantities of sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions saving
characteristics shall be adjusted applying a conversion factor
representing the ratio between the mass of the output that is
intended for such production and the mass of the raw material
entering the process;
(b) when the processing of a consignment of raw material
yields more than one output that is intended for the production of
biofuels, bioliquids or biomass fuels, renewable liquid and
gaseous transport fuels of non-biological origin, or recycled
carbon fuels, for each output a separate conversion factor shall
be applied and a separate mass balance shall be used.
(4) Economic operators shall submit reliable information to the
Regulator regarding the compliance with the greenhouse gas emissions
savings thresholds from the use of renewable liquid and gaseous
transport fuels of non-biological origin of at least seventy per cent
(70%) from the 1st of January 2021 and with the sustainability and
greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria laid down in sub-regulations
(6) to (13) of regulation 3, and said economic operators shall make
available to the Regulator when so requested, and to any competent
authority within any relevant Member State, as the case may be, upon
request, the data that were used to develop the information.
(5) Economic operators shall arrange for an adequate standard
of independent auditing of the information submitted, and shall
provide to the Regulator evidence that this has been done. In order to
comply with paragraph (a) of sub-regulation (10) of regulation 3, and
paragraph (a) of sub-regulation (11) of regulation 3, the first or second
party auditing may be used up to the first gathering point of the forest
biomass.
(6) The auditing referred to in sub-regulation (5) shall verify
that the systems used by economic operators are accurate, reliable and
protected against fraud, including verification ensuring that materials
are not intentionally modified or discarded so that the consignment or
part thereof could become a waste or residue. It shall evaluate the
frequency and methodology of sampling and the robustness of the
data.
(7) The auditing referred to in sub-regulation (5) is to be
complied with as follows
(a) Economic operators who are producers of biofuels,
bioliquids or biomass fuels, renewable liquid and gaseous
transport fuels of non-biological origin, or recycled carbon fuels
shall ensure that auditing and verification is to be compiled
(i) under voluntary national or
international
schemes approved by the Commission; or
(ii) under national schemes which the Minister may
choose to set up pursuant to sub- regulation (10); and
(b) Economic operators importing biofuels, bioliquids or
biomass fuels, renewable liquid and gaseous transport fuels of
non-biological origin, or recycled carbon fuels shall ensure that
such auditing and verification is to be compiled
(i) under voluntary national or
international
schemes approved by the Commission; or
(ii) under national schemes approved by Member
States of the European Union which comply with the
sustainability criteria contained in the Directive.
(8) The obligations laid down in sub-regulations (4) to (7) shall
apply regardless of whether the biofuels, bioliquids, biomass fuels,
renewable liquid and gaseous transport fuels of non-biological origin,
or recycled carbon fuels are produced within the Union or are
imported. Information about the geographic origin and feedstock type
of biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels per fuel supplier shall be
made available to consumers on the websites of operators, suppliers or
the relevant competent authorities and shall be updated on an annual
basis.
(9) The Regulator shall submit to the Minister, in aggregated
form, the information referred to in sub-regulation (4), and such
information shall be published in summary form preserving the
confidentiality of commercially sensitive information. The Minister
shall submit to the Commission, in aggregated form, the information
referred to in sub-regulation (4).
(10) The Minister may set up national schemes where
compliance with the following is verified, through the involvement of
competent national authorities, throughout the entire chain of custody
(a) the sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions
saving criteria laid down in sub-regulations (6) to (13) of
regulation 3; and
(b) the greenhouse gas emissions savings thresholds for
renewable liquid and gaseous transport fuels of non-biological
origin and recycled carbon fuels of at least seventy per cent
(70%) from the 1 st of January 2021
Provided that the Minister may furthermore notify such
national schemes to the Commission.
(11) Where an economic operator provides evidence or data
obtained in accordance with a voluntary, national or international
scheme that has been the subject of a decision of the Commission, to
the extent covered by that decision, the Regulator shall not require the
supplier to provide further evidence of compliance with the
sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria laid down
in sub-regulations (6) to (13) of regulation 3.
Consequential amendments to other legislation
LEGISLATION PROVISION
PHRASE THAT IS
AMENDMENT
TO BE AMENDED
Lifecycle
regulation 2 –
"set out in regulation 3
"set out in regulation
Greenhouse
definition of
of the Biofuels
3 of the Biofuels,
Emissions from
"low indirect
(Sustainability
Bioliquids and
Fuels
land-use
Criteria) Regulations;"
Biomass Fuels
Regulations –
change-risk
(Sustainability
biofuels"
Criteria)
Regulations;"
regulation
"set out in regulation 3
"set out in regulation
3(1)
of the Biofuels
3 of the Biofuels,
(Sustainability
Bioliquids and
Criteria) Regulations."
Biomass Fuels
(Sustainability
Criteria)
Regulations."
regulation
"Life cycle greenhouse
"Life cycle
3(4)
gas emissions from
greenhouse gas
biofuels shall be
emissions from
calculated in
biofuels shall be
accordance with the
calculated in
provisions of the
accordance with the
Biofuels
provisions of the
(Sustainability
Biofuels, Bioliquids
Criteria) Regulations."
and Biomass Fuels
(Sustainability
Criteria)
Regulations."
Regulator for
FIRST
"Biofuels
"Biofuels, Bioliquids
Energy and
(1) For the purposes of sub-regulations (12) and (13) of Calculation of
regulation 3, the greenhouse gas emissions saving from the use of the
gas impact of
biofuel, bioliquids and biomass fuels shall be calculated in one of the biofuels,
bioliquids and
following ways
biomass fuels.
(a) where a default value for greenhouse gas emissions
saving for the production pathway is laid down in Part A or B of
the First Schedule for biofuels and bioliquids and in Part A of the
Second Schedule for biomass fuels where the el value for those
biofuels or bioliquids calculated in accordance with item 7 of
Part C of the First Schedule and for those biomass fuels
calculated in accordance with item 7 of Part B of the Second
Schedule is equal to or less than zero, by using that default value;
(b) by using an actual value calculated in accordance
with the methodology laid down in Part C of the First Schedule
for biofuels and bioliquids and in Part B of the Second Schedule
for biomass fuels;
(c) by using a value calculated as the sum of the factors
of the formulas referred to in item 1 of Part C of the First
Schedule, where disaggregated default values in Part D or E of
the First Schedule may be used for some factors, and actual
values, calculated in accordance with the methodology laid down
in Part C of the First Schedule, are used for all other factors;
(d) by using a value calculated as the sum of the factors
of the formulas referred to in item 1 of Part B of the Second
Schedule, where disaggregated default values in Part C of the
Second Schedule may be used for some factors, and actual
values, calculated in accordance with the methodology laid down
in Part B of the Second Schedule, are used for all other factors.
(2) The Minister may submit to the Commission reports
including information on the typical greenhouse gas emissions from
the cultivation of agricultural raw materials of the areas classified as
level 2 in the nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (NUTS) or
as a more disaggregated NUTS level in accordance with Regulation
(EC) No 1059/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council.
Those reports shall be accompanied by a description of the method and
data sources used to calculate the level of emissions. That method
shall take into account soil characteristics, climate and expected raw
material yields.
(Sustainability
and Biomass Fuels
Water Services
Criteria) Regulations
(Sustainability
Act- Cap. 545
(S.L. 545.28)"
Criteria) Regulations,
(S.L. 545.28)"
Biofuels and
regulation 24
"verified to be
"verified to be
Bioliquids
compliant to the
compliant with the
Market
sustainability criteria
sustainability criteria
Regulations –
set out in regulation 4
as set out in the
of the Biofuels
Biofuels, Bioliquids
(Sustainability
and Biomass Fuels
Criteria) Regulations."
(Sustainability
Criteria)
Regulations."
Petroleum for
regulation
"the sustainability
"the sustainability
the Inland
33(5)
criteria set out in
criteria set out in
(Wholesale)
regulation 3 of the
regulation 3 of the
Fuel Market,
Biofuels
Biofuels, Bioliquids
Bottling of LPG
(Sustainability
and Biomass Fuels
and Primary
Criteria) Regulations"
(Sustainability
Storage
Criteria)
Facilities
Regulations"
Regulations –
€7.65
€7.65
(1) The Regulator may impose an administrative penalty
upon any person who infringes any provision of these regulations or
who fails to comply with any directive or decision given by the
Regulator in ensuring compliance with these regulations.
(2) An administrative penalty imposed under sub-regulation
(1) shall not exceed one hundred thousand euro (€100,000).
The Biofuels (Sustainability Criteria) Regulations are
hereby repealed.
The bonus of 29g CO 2 eq/MJ shall be attributed if evidence
is provided that the land
(a) was not in use for agriculture or any other activity in
January 2008; and
(b) is severely degraded land, including such land that
was formerly in agricultural use.
The bonus of 29g CO 2 eq/MJ shall apply for a period of up to
twenty (20) years from the date of conversion of the land to
agricultural use, provided that a steady increase in carbon stocks as
well as a sizable reduction in erosion phenomena for land falling under
(b) are ensured.
"Severely degraded land" means land that, for a significant
period of time, has either been significantly salinated or presented
significantly low organic matter content and has been severely eroded.
The Commission shall review, by 31 December 2020,
guidelines for the calculation of land carbon stocks ( Note 5 ) drawing on
the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories –
volume 4 and in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 and
Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the
Council ( Note 6 ). The Commission guidelines shall serve as the basis
for the calculation of land carbon stocks for the purposes of the
Directive.
Emissions from processing, e p , shall include emissions
from the processing itself; from waste and leakages; and from the
production of chemicals or products used in processing including the
CO 2 emissions corresponding to the carbon contents of fossil inputs,
whether or not actually combusted in the process.
In accounting for the consumption of electricity not produced
within the fuel production plant, the greenhouse gas emissions
intensity of the production and distribution of that electricity shall
be assumed to be equal to the average emission intensity of the
production and distribution of electricity in a defined region. By
way of derogation from this rule, producers may use an average
value for an individual electricity production plant for electricity
produced by that plant, if that plant is not connected to the
electricity grid.
Emissions from processing shall include emissions from drying of
interim products and materials where relevant.
Emissions from transport and distribution, e td , shall include
emissions from the transport of raw and semi-finished materials and
from the storage and distribution of finished materials. Emissions from
transport and distribution to be taken into account under item 5 shall
not be covered by this item.
Emissions of the fuel in use, e u , shall be taken to be zero for
biofuels and bioliquids.
Emissions of non-CO 2 greenhouse gases (N 2 O and CH 4 ) of the fuel
in use shall be included in the e u factor for bioliquids.
Emission savings from CO 2 capture and geological storage,
e ccs , that have not already been accounted for in e p , shall be limited to
emissions avoided through the capture and storage of emitted CO 2
directly related to the extraction, transport, processing and distribution
of fuel if stored in compliance with Directive 2009/31/EC of the
European Parliament and of the Council ( Note 7 ).
Emission savings from CO 2 capture and replacement, e ccr ,
shall be related directly to the production of biofuel or bioliquid they
are attributed to, and shall be limited to emissions avoided through the
capture of CO 2 of which the carbon originates from biomass and
which is used to replace fossil-derived CO 2 in production of
commercial products and services.
Where a cogeneration unit – providing heat and/or
electricity to a fuel production process for which emissions are being
calculated – produces excess electricity and/or excess useful heat, the
greenhouse gas emissions shall be divided between the electricity and
the useful heat according to the temperature of the heat (which reflects
the usefulness (utility) of the heat). The useful part of the heat is found
by multiplying its energy content with the Carnot efficiency, C h ,
calculated as follows
where
T h = Temperature, measured in absolute temperature (kelvin) of the useful
heat at point of delivery.
T 0 = Temperature of surroundings, set at 273.15 kelvin (equal to 0°C)
If the excess heat is exported for heating of buildings, at a
temperature below 150°C (423.15 kelvin), C h can alternatively be
defined as follows
C h = Carnot efficiency in heat at 150°C (423.15 kelvin), which is: 0.3546
For the purposes of that calculation, the actual efficiencies shall
be used, defined as the annual mechanical energy, electricity and heat
produced respectively divided by the annual energy input.
For the purposes of that calculation, the following definitions
apply
(a) "cogeneration" shall mean the simultaneous
generation in one process of thermal energy and electrical and/or
mechanical energy;
(b) "useful heat" shall mean heat generated to satisfy an
economical justifiable demand for heat, for heating or cooling
purposes;
(c) "economically justifiable demand" shall mean the
demand that does not exceed the needs for heat or cooling and
which would otherwise be satisfied at market conditions.
Where a fuel production process produces, in combination,
the fuel for which emissions are being calculated and one or more
other products (co-products), greenhouse gas emissions shall be
divided between the fuel or its intermediate product and the co-
products in proportion to their energy content (determined by lower
heating value in the case of co-products other than electricity and
heat). The greenhouse gas intensity of excess useful heat or excess
electricity is the same as the greenhouse gas intensity of heat or
electricity delivered to the fuel production process and is determined
from calculating the greenhouse intensity of all inputs and emissions,
including the feedstock and CH 4 and N 2 O emissions, to and from the
cogeneration unit, boiler or other apparatus delivering heat or
electricity to the fuel production process. In the case of cogeneration of
electricity and heat, the calculation is performed following item 16.
For the purposes of the calculation referred to in item 17,
the emissions to be divided shall be e ec + e l + e sca + those fractions of e p ,
e td , e ccs , and e ccr that take place up to and including the process step at
which a co-product is produced. If any allocation to co-products has
taken place at an earlier process step in the life-cycle, the fraction of
those emissions assigned in the last such process step to the
intermediate fuel product shall be used for those purposes instead of
the total of those emissions.
In the case of biofuels and bioliquids, all co-products shall be
taken into account for the purposes of that calculation. No emissions
shall be allocated to wastes and residues. Co-products that have a
negative energy content shall be considered to have an energy content
of zero for the purposes of the calculation.
Wastes and residues, including tree tops and branches, straw,
husks, cobs and nut shells, and residues from processing, including
crude glycerine (glycerine that is not refined) and bagasse, shall be
considered to have zero life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions up to the
process of collection of those materials irrespectively of whether they
are processed to interim products before being transformed into the
final product.
In the case of fuels produced in refineries, other than the
combination of processing plants with boilers or cogeneration units
providing heat and/or electricity to the processing plant, the unit of
analysis for the purposes of the calculation referred to in item 17 shall
be the refinery.
For biofuels, for the purposes of the calculation referred to
in item 3, the fossil fuel comparator E F(t) shall be 94g CO 2 eq/MJ.
For bioliquids used for the production of electricity, for the
purposes of the calculation referred to in item 3, the fossil fuel
comparator EC F(e) shall be 183g CO 2 eq/MJ.
For bioliquids used for the production of useful heat, as well as
for the production of heating and/or cooling, for the purposes of the
calculation referred to in item 3, the fossil fuel comparator EC F(h&c)
shall be 80g CO 2 eq/MJ.
Notes to Part C of this Schedule
(Note 1) Heat or waste heat is used to generate cooling (chilled
air or water) through absorption chillers. Therefore, it is appropriate to
calculate only the emissions associated to the heat produced per MJ of
heat, irrespectively if the end-use of the heat is actual heating or
cooling via absorption chillers.
(Note 2) The formula for calculating greenhouse gas emissions
from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials e ec describes cases
where feedstock is converted into biofuels in one step. For more
complex supply chains, adjustments are needed for calculating
greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw
materials e ec for intermediate products.
(Note 3) Measurements of soil carbon can constitute such
evidence, e.g. by a first measurement in advance of the cultivation and
subsequent ones at regular intervals several years apart. In such a case,
before the second measurement is available, increase in soil carbon
would be estimated on the basis of representative experiments or soil
models. From the second measurement onwards, the measurements
would constitute the basis for determining the existence of an increase
in soil carbon and its magnitude.
(Note 4) The quotient obtained by dividing the molecular weight
of CO 2 (44.010 g/mol) by the molecular weight of carbon (12.011 g/
mol) is equal to 3.664.
(Note 5) Commission Decision 2010/335/EU of 10 June 2010 on
guidelines for the calculation of land carbon stocks for the purpose of
Annex V to Directive 2009/28/EC (OJL 151, 17.6.2010, p.19).
(Note 6) Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament
and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on the inclusion of greenhouse gas
emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry in
the 2030 climate and energy framework, and amending Regulation
(EU) No 525/2013 and Decision No 529/2013/EU (OJL 156,
19.6.2018, p.1).
(Note 7) Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and
of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon
dioxide and amending Council Directive 85/337/EEC, European
Parliament and Council Directives 2000/60/EC, 2001/80/EC, 2004/35/
EC, 2006/12/EC, 2008/1/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 (OJL
140, 5.6.2009, p.114).
Part D
DISAGGREGATED DEFAULT VALUES FOR BIOFUELS AND
BIOLIQUIDS
Disaggregated default values for cultivation: "e ec " as defined in
Part C of this Schedule, including soil N 2 O emissions
Biofuel
and
bioliquid Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
production pathway
emissions – typical value emissions – default value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol
9.6
9.6
corn (maize) ethanol
5
25.5
other cereals excluding corn
0
27.0
(maize) ethanol
sugar cane ethanol
17.1
17.1
the part from renewable Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
sources of ETBE
the part from renewable Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
sources of TAEE
rape seed biodiesel
0
32.0
sunflower biodiesel
26.1
26.1
soybean biodiesel
21.2
21.2
palm oil biodiesel
26.0
26.0
waste cooking oil biodiesel
animal fats from rendering
biodiesel ( *1 )
hydrotreated vegetable oil
4
33.4
from rape seed
hydrotreated vegetable oil
26.9
26.9
from sunflower
hydrotreated vegetable oil
22.1
22.1
from soybean
hydrotreated vegetable oil
27.3
27.3
from palm oil
hydrotreated oil from waste
cooking oil
hydrotreated oil from animal
*1
fats from rendering ( )
pure vegetable oil from rape
33.4
33.4
seed
pure vegetable oil from
27.2
27.2
sunflower
pure vegetable oil from
22.2
22.2
soybean
pure vegetable oil from palm
27.1
27.1
oil
pure oil from waste cooking
oil
( *1 )
Applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as category 1
and 2 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for which
emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.
Disaggregated default values for cultivation: "e ec " – for soil N 2 O
emissions only (these are already included in the disaggregated values
for cultivation emissions in the "e ec " table)
Biofuel and bioliquid
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
production pathway
emissions – typical value emissions – default value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol
4.9
4.9
corn (maize) ethanol
13.7
13.7
other cereals excluding corn
14.1
14.1
(maize) ethanol
sugar cane ethanol
2.1
2.1
the part from renewable Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
sources of ETBE
the part from renewable Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used
sources of TAEE
rape seed biodiesel
17.6
17.6
sunflower biodiesel
12.2
12.2
soybean biodiesel
13.4
13.4
palm oil biodiesel
16.5
16.5
waste cooking oil biodiesel
animal fats from rendering
biodiesel ( *1 )
hydrotreated vegetable oil
18.0
18.0
from rape seed
hydrotreated vegetable oil
12.5
12.5
from sunflower
hydrotreated vegetable oil
13.7
13.7
from soybean
hydrotreated vegetable oil
16.9
16.9
from palm oil
hydrotreated oil from waste
cooking oil
hydrotreated oil from animal
fats from rendering ( *1 )
pure vegetable oil from rape
17.6
17.6
seed
pure vegetable oil from
12.2
12.2
sunflower
pure vegetable oil from
13.4
13.4
soybean
pure vegetable oil from palm
16.5
16.5
oil
pure oil from waste cooking
oil
( *1 )
Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as
category 1 and 2 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for
which emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.
Disaggregated default values for processing: "e p " as defined in
Part C of this Schedule
Biofuel and bioliquid production Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
pathway
emissions –
emissions – default
typical value
value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
18.8
26.3
natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from
9.7
13.6
slop, natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
13.2
18.5
natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from
7.6
10.6
slop, natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
27.4
3
lignite as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from
15.7
22.0
slop, lignite as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as
20.8
29.1
process fuel in conventional boiler)
corn (maize) ethanol, (natural gas as
14.8
20.8
process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (lignite as process
28.6
1
*1
fuel in CHP plant ( ))
corn (maize) ethanol (forest residues as
1.8
2.6
*1
process fuel in CHP plant ( ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
21.0
29.3
(natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
15.1
21.1
(natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
30.3
5
(lignite as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
1.5
2.2
(forest residues as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar cane ethanol
1.3
1.8
the part from renewable sources of Equal to that of the ethanol production
ETBE
pathway used
the part from renewable sources of Equal to that of the ethanol production
TAEE
pathway used
rape seed biodiesel
11.7
16.3
sunflower biodiesel
11.8
16.5
soybean biodiesel
12.1
16.9
palm oil biodiesel (open effluent pond)
30.4
42.6
palm oil biodiesel (process with
13.2
18.5
methane capture at oil mill)
waste cooking oil biodiesel
9.3
13.0
animal
fats
from
rendering
13.6
19.1
biodiesel ( *2 )
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape
10.7
15.0
seed
hydrotreated vegetable oil from
10.5
14.7
sunflower
hydrotreated vegetable oil from
10.9
15.2
soybean
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm
27.8
38.9
oil (open effluent pond)
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm
9.7
13.6
oil (process with methane capture at oil
mill)
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil
10.2
14.3
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from
14.5
20.3
rendering ( *2 )
pure vegetable oil from rape seed
3.7
5.2
pure vegetable oil from sunflower
3.8
5.4
pure vegetable oil from soybean
4.2
5.9
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (open
22.6
31.7
effluent pond)
pure vegetable oil from palm oil
4.7
6.5
(process with methane capture at oil
mill)
pure oil from waste cooking oil
0.6
0.8
*1
( )
Default values for processes using CHP are valid only if all the process heat is
supplied by CHP.
( *2 )
Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as
category 1 and 2 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for
which emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.
Disaggregated default values for oil extraction only (these are
already included in the disaggregated values for processing emissions
in the "e p " table)
Biofuel and bioliquid production
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
pathway
emissions –
emissions – default
typical value
value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
rape seed biodiesel
3.0
4.2
sunflower biodiesel
2.9
4.0
soybean biodiesel
3.2
4.4
palm oil biodiesel (open effluent
20.9
29.2
pond)
palm oil biodiesel (process with
3.7
5.1
methane capture at oil mill)
waste cooking oil biodiesel
animal
fats
from
rendering
4.3
6.1
*1
biodiesel ( )
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape
3.1
4.4
seed
hydrotreated vegetable oil from
3.0
4.1
sunflower
hydrotreated vegetable oil from
3.3
4.6
soybean
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm
21.9
30.7
oil (open effluent pond)
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm
3.8
5.4
oil (process with methane capture at
oil mill)
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking
oil
hydrotreated oil from animal fats
4.3
6.0
*1
from rendering ( )
pure vegetable oil from rape seed
3.1
4.4
pure vegetable oil from sunflower
3.0
4.2
pure vegetable oil from soybean
3.4
4.7
pure vegetable oil from palm oil
21.8
30.5
(open effluent pond)
pure vegetable oil from palm oil
3.8
5.3
(process with methane capture at oil
mill)
pure oil from waste cooking oil
( *1 )
Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as
category 1 and 2 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for
which emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.
Disaggregated default values for transport and distribution: "e td "
as defined in Part C of this Schedule
Biofuel and bioliquid production
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
pathway
emissions –
emissions – default
typical value
value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
2.3
2.3
natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from
2.3
2.3
slop, natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
2.3
2.3
natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from
2.3
2.3
slop, natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
2.3
2.3
lignite as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from
2.3
2.3
slop, lignite as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as
2.2
2.2
*1
process fuel in CHP plant ( ))
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as
2.2
2.2
process fuel in conventional boiler)
corn (maize) ethanol (lignite as process
2.2
2.2
*1
fuel in CHP plant ( ))
corn (maize) ethanol (forest residues as
2.2
2.2
process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
2.2
2.2
(natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
2.2
2.2
(natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
2.2
2.2
(lignite as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
2.2
2.2
(forest residues as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar cane ethanol
9.7
9.7
the part from renewable sources of
Equal to that of the ethanol production
ETBE
pathway used
the part from renewable sources of
Equal to that of the ethanol production
TAEE
pathway used
rape seed biodiesel
1.8
1.8
sunflower biodiesel
2.1
2.1
soybean biodiesel
8.9
8.9
palm oil biodiesel (open effluent pond)
6.9
6.9
palm oil biodiesel (process with
6.9
6.9
methane capture at oil mill)
waste cooking oil biodiesel
1.9
1.9
animal
fats
from
rendering
1.6
1.6
biodiesel ( *1 )
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape
1.7
1.7
seed
hydrotreated vegetable oil from
2.0
2.0
sunflower
hydrotreated vegetable oil from
9.2
9.2
soybean
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm
7.0
7.0
oil (open effluent pond)
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm
7.0
7.0
oil (process with methane capture at oil
mill)
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil
1.7
1.7
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from
1.5
1.5
rendering ( *2 )
pure vegetable oil from rape seed
1.4
1.4
pure vegetable oil from sunflower
1.7
1.7
pure vegetable oil from soybean
8.8
8.8
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (open
6.7
6.7
effluent pond)
pure vegetable oil from palm oil
6.7
6.7
(process with methane capture at oil
mill)
pure oil from waste cooking oil
1.4
1.4
*1
( )
Default values for processes using CHP are valid only if all the process heat is
supplied by CHP.
( *2 )
Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as
category 1 and 2 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for
which emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.
Disaggregated default values for transport and distribution of
final fuel only. These are already included in the table of "transport
and distribution emissions e td " as defined in Part C of this Schedule,
but the following values are useful if an economic operator wishes to
declare actual transport emissions for crops or oil transport only).
Biofuel and
bioliquid
production Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
pathway
emissions –
emissions – default
typical value
value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
1.6
1.6
natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from
1.6
1.6
slop, natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
1.6
1.6
natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from
1.6
1.6
slop, natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
1.6
1.6
*1
lignite as process fuel in CHP plant ( ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from
1.6
1.6
slop, lignite as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as
1.6
1.6
process fuel in conventional boiler)
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as
1.6
1.6
*1
process fuel in CHP plant ( ))
corn (maize) ethanol (lignite as process
1.6
1.6
fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (forest residues as
1.6
1.6
process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
1.6
1.6
(natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
1.6
1.6
(natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
1.6
1.6
(lignite as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
1.6
1.6
(forest residues as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar cane ethanol
6.0
6.0
the part of ethyl-tertio-butyl-ether Will be considered to be equal to that of the
(ETBE) from renewable ethanol
ethanol production pathway used
the part of tertiary-amyl-ethyl-ether Will be considered to be equal to that of the
(TAEE) from renewable ethanol
ethanol production pathway used
rape seed biodiesel
1.3
1.3
sunflower biodiesel
1.3
1.3
soybean biodiesel
1.3
1.3
palm oil biodiesel (open effluent pond)
1.3
1.3
palm oil biodiesel (process with methane
1.3
1.3
capture at oil mill)
waste cooking oil biodiesel
1.3
1.3
*2
1.3
1.3
animal fats from rendering biodiesel ( )
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape
1.2
1.2
seed
hydrotreated vegetable oil from
1.2
1.2
sunflower
hydrotreated vegetable oil from soybean
1.2
1.2
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil
1.2
1.2
(open effluent pond)
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil
1.2
1.2
(process with methane capture at oil
mill)
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil
1.2
1.2
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from
1.2
1.2
rendering ( *2 )
pure vegetable oil from rape seed
0.8
0.8
pure vegetable oil from sunflower
0.8
0.8
pure vegetable oil from soybean
0.8
0.8
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (open
0.8
0.8
effluent pond)
pure vegetable oil from palm oil
0.8
0.8
(process with methane capture at oil
mill)
pure oil from waste cooking oil
0.8
0.8
( *1 )
Default values for processes using CHP are valid only if all the process heat is supplied
by CHP.
( *2 )
Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as category
1 and 2 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for which
emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.
Total for cultivation, processing, transport and distribution
Biofuel and bioliquid production Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
pathway
emissions –
emissions – default
typical value
value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
30.7
38.2
natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from
21.6
25.5
slop, natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
25.1
30.4
natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from
19.5
22.5
slop, natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (no biogas from slop,
39.3
2
lignite as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
sugar beet ethanol (with biogas from
27.6
33.9
slop, lignite as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (natural gas as
48.5
8
process fuel in conventional boiler)
corn (maize) ethanol, (natural gas as
42.5
48.5
*1
process fuel in CHP plant ( ))
corn (maize) ethanol (lignite as process
56.3
1
żejt veġetali idrotrattat miż-żejt tal-palm (proċess bil-qbid tal-metan
44.0
fil-mitħna taż-żejt)
żejt idrotrattat mill-iskart taż-żejt tat-tisjir
11.9
żejt idrotrattat mit-tħin fin (rendering) tax-xaħmijiet tal-
16.0
annimali ( *2 )
żejt veġetali safi miż-żerriegħa tal-kolza
38.5
żejt veġetali safi mill-ġirasol
32.7
żejt veġetali safi mis-sojja
35.2
żejt veġetali safi miż-żejt tal-palm (ħawt effluwenti miftuħ)
56.4
żejt veġetali safi miż-żejt tal-palm (proċess bil-qbid tal-metan fil-
38.5
mitħna taż-żejt)
żejt safi mill-iskart taż-żejt tat-tisjir
2.0
( *1 )
Valuri awtomatiċi għall-ipproċessar bl-użu tas-CHP huma validi biss jekk is-sħana tal-proċess hija
fornuta kollha bis-CHP.
( *2 )
Nota: tapplika biss għal bijokarburanti prodotti minn prodotti sekondarji tal-annimali kklassifikat
bħala materjal tal-kategorija 1 u 2 skont ir-Regolament (KE) Nru 1069/2009, li għalihom l-
emissjonijiet relatati mal-iġenizzazzjoni bħala parti mit-tħin fin (rendering) mhumiex ikkunsidrati.
Taqsima E
VALURI AWTOMATIĊI DIŻAGGREGATI STMATI GĦALL-
BIJOKARBURANTI U L-BIJOLIKWIDI FUTURI LI MA KINUX
FIS-SUQ JEW LI KIENU FIS-SUQ FI KWANTITAJIET
NEGLIĠIBBLI BISS FL-2016
Valuri awtomatiċi diżaggregati għall-kultivazzjoni: "e ec " kif
definit fit-Taqsima Ċ ta' din l-Iskeda, inkluż l-emissjonijiet tan-N 2 O
(inkluż it-tqattigħ tal-iskart tal-injam u l-injam ikkoltivat)
Mogħdija tal-produzzjoni tal-bijokarburanti u bijolikwidi
Emissjonijiet Emissjonijiet ta'
ta' gassijiet gassijiet serra -
serra - valur
tipiku
awtomatiku
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
etanol tat-tiben tal-qamħ
1.8
diżil Fischer-Tropsch mill-iskart tal-injam f'impjant awtonomu
3.3
diżil Fischer-Tropsch mill-injam imkabbar f'impjant awtonomu
8.2
petrol Fischer-Tropsch mill-iskart tal-injam f’impjant awtonomu
3.3
petrol Fischer-Tropsch mill-injam imkabbar f’impjant awtonomu
8.2
dimetileter (DME) mill-iskart tal-injam f'impjant awtonomu
3.1
dimetileter DME mill-injam ikkoltivat f'impjant awtonomu
7.6
metanol mill-iskart tal-injam f'impjant awtonomu
3.1
metanol mill-injam imkabbar f'impjant awtonomu
7.6
diżil Fischer Tropsch mill-gassifikazzjoni tal-likur iswed integrat
mal-polpa
petrol Fischer Tropsch mill-gassifikazzjoni tal-likur iswed integrat
mal-polpa
dimetileter DME mill-gassifikazzjoni tal-likur iswed integrat mal-
polpa
Metanol mill-gassifikazzjoni tal-likur iswed integrat mal-polpa
il-parti minn sorsi rinnovabbli ta' MTBE
Ugwali għal dik tal-mogħdija
użata
metanol
Valuri diżaggregati awtomatiċi għall-emissjonijiet tal-N 2 O tal-
ħamrija (inklużi l-valuri diżaggregati awtomatiċi għall-emissjonijiet
tal-kultivazzjoni fit-tabella "e ec ")
Mogħdija tal-produzzjoni
tal-bijokarburanti
bijolikwidi
etanol tat-tiben tal-qamħ
diżil Fischer-Tropsch mill-iskart tal-injam f'impjant
awtonomu
diżil Fischer-Tropsch mill-injam imkabbar f'impjant
awtonomu
petrol Fischer-Tropsch mill-iskart tal-injam f'impjant
awtonomu
petrol Fischer-Tropsch mill-injam imkabbar f'impjant
awtonomu
dimetileter (DME) mill-iskart tal-injam f'impjant
awtonomu
dimetileter DME mill-injam ikkoltivat f'impjant
awtonomu
metanol mill-iskart tal-injam f'impjant awtonomu
metanol mill-injam imkabbar f'impjant awtonomu
diżil Fischer-Tropsch mill-gassifikazzjoni tal-likur iswed
integrat mal-polpa
petrol Fischer-Tropsch mill-gassifikazzjoni tal-likur iswed
integrat mal-polpa
dimetileter DME mill-gassifikazzjoni tal-likur iswed
integrat mal-polpa
Metanol mill-gassifikazzjoni tal-likur iswed integrat mal-
polpa
il-parti minn sorsi rinnovabbli ta' MTBE
Valuri awtomatiċi diżaggregati għall-ipproċessar: "e p " kif definit
filt-Taqsima Ċ ta' din l-Iskeda
Mogħdija tal-produzzjoni tal-bijokarburanti u bijolikwidi
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
etanol tat-tiben tal-qamħ
diżil Fischer-Tropsch mill-iskart tal-injam f'impjant awtonomu
diżil Fischer-Tropsch mill-injam imkabbar f'impjant awtonomu
petrol Fischer-Tropsch mill-iskart tal-injam f'impjant awtonomu
petrol Fischer-Tropsch mill-injam imkabbar f'impjant awtonomu
dimetileter (DME) mill-iskart tal-injam f'impjant awtonomu
dimetileter (DME) mill-injam imkabbar f'impjant awtonomu
metanol mill-iskart tal-injam f'impjant awtonomu
metanol mill-injam imkabbar f'impjant awtonomu
diżil Fischer - Tropsch mill-gassifikazzjoni tal-likur iswed integrat
mal-polpa
petrol Fischer Tropsch mill-gassifikazzjoni tal-likur iswed integrat
mal-polpa
dimetileter DME mill-gassifikazzjoni tal-likur iswed integrat mal-
polpa
Ugwali għal dik tal-mogħdija użata għall-produzzjoni ta' metanol
il-parti minn sorsi rinnovabbli ta' MTBE
Ugwali għal dik tal-mogħdija użata
għall-produzzjoni ta' metanol
Valuri diżaggregati awtomatiċi għat-trasport u d-distribuzzjoni
"e td " kif definit fit-Taqsima Ċ ta' din l-Iskeda
Mogħdija tal-produzzjoni tal-bijokarburanti u bijolikwidi
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
etanol tat-tiben tal-qamħ
diżil Fischer-Tropsch mill-iskart tal-injam f’impjant awtonomu
diżil Fischer-Tropsch mill-injam imkabbar f'impjant awtonomu
petrol Fischer-Tropsch mill-iskart tal-injam f’impjant awtonomu
petrol Fischer-Tropsch mill-injam imkabbar f'impjant awtonomu
dimetileter (DME) mill-iskart tal-injam f’impjant awtonomu
dimetileter (DME) mill-injam imkabbar f'impjant awtonomu
metanol mill-iskart tal-injam f’impjant awtonomu
metanol mill-injam imkabbar f'impjant awtonomu
diżil Fischer - Tropsch mill-gassifikazzjoni tal-likur iswed integrat
mal-polpa
petrol Fischer Tropsch mill-gassifikazzjoni tal-likur iswed integrat
mal-polpa
dimetileter (DME) mill-gassifikazzjoni tal-likur iswed integrat
mal-polpa
Ugwali għal dik tal-mogħdija użata għall-produzzjoni ta' metanol
7.9
7.9
il-parti minn sorsi rinnovabbli ta' MTBE
Ugwali għal dik tal-mogħdija użata
għall-produzzjoni ta' metanol
Valuri diżaggregati awtomatiċi għat-trasport u d-distribuzzjoni
ta' karburanti finali biss. Dawn diġà huma inklużi fit-tabella ta'
"emissjonijiet tat-trasport u d-distribuzzjoni e td " kif definita fit-
Taqsima Ċ ta' din l-Iskeda, iżda l-valuri li ġejjin huma utli jekk
operatur ekonomiku jixtieq jiddikjara emissjonijiet tat-trasport attwali
għat-trasport tal-materja prima biss).
Mogħdija tal-produzzjoni tal-bijokarburanti u Emissjonijiet
Emissjonijiet
bijolikwidi
ta' gassijiet
ta' gassijiet
serra - valur
serra - valur
tipiku
awtomatiku
(g CO 2 eq/MJ) (g CO 2 eq/MJ)
etanol tat-tiben tal-qamħ
1.6
1.6
diżil Fischer-Tropsch mill-iskart tal-injam f'impjant 1.2
1.2
awtonomu
diżil Fischer-Tropsch mill-injam imkabbar f'impjant 1.2
1.2
awtonomu
petrol Fischer-Tropsch mill-iskart tal-injam f'impjant 1.2
1.2
awtonomu
petrol Fischer-Tropsch mill-injam imkabbar f'impjant 1.2
1.2
awtonomu
dimetileter (DME) mill-iskart tal-injam f'impjant 2.0
2.0
awtonomu
dimetileter (DME) mill-injam ikkoltivat f'impjant 2.0
2.0
awtonomu
metanol mill-iskart tal-injam f'impjant awtonomu
2.0
2.0
metanol mill-injam imkabbar f'impjant awtonomu
2.0
2.0
diżil Fischer Tropsch mill-gassifikazzjoni tal-likur 2.0
2.0
iswed integrat mal-polpa
petrol Fischer Tropsch mill-gassifikazzjoni tal-likur 2.0
2.0
iswed integrat mal-polpa
dimetileter (DME) mill-gassifikazzjoni tal-likur 2.0
2.0
iswed integrat mal-polpa
Ugwali għal dik tal-mogħdija użata għall-produzzjoni 2.0
2.0
ta' metanol
il-parti minn sorsi rinnovabbli ta' MTBE
Ugwali għal dik tal-mogħdija
użata għall-produzzjoni ta'
metanol
Total
għall-kultivazzjoni,
l-ipproċessar,
it-trasport
u
d-
distribuzzjoni
Mogħdija tal-produzzjoni tal-bijokarburanti u bijolikwidi
Emissjonijiet ta' Emissjonijiet ta'
gassijiet serra - gassijiet serra -
etanol tat-tiben tal-qamħ
diżil Fischer-Tropsch mill-iskart tal-injam f’impjant awtonomu
diżil Fischer-Tropsch mill-injam imkabbar f'impjant awtonomu
petrol Fischer-Tropsch mill-iskart tal-injam f’impjant
awtonomu
petrol Fischer-Tropsch mill-injam imkabbar f'impjant
awtonomu
dimetileter (DME) mill-iskart tal-injam f’impjant awtonomu
dimetileter (DME) mill-injam imkabbar f'impjant awtonomu
metanol mill-iskart tal-injam f’impjant awtonomu
metanol mill-injam imkabbar f'impjant awtonomu
diżil Fischer - Tropsch mill-gassifikazzjoni tal-likur iswed
integrat mal-polpa
petrol Fischer Tropsch mill-gassifikazzjoni tal-likur iswed
integrat mal-polpa
dimetileter DME mill-gassifikazzjoni tal-likur iswed integrat
mal-polpa
Ugwali għal dik tal-mogħdija użata għall-produzzjoni ta'
metanol
il-parti minn sorsi rinnovabbli ta' MTBE
Ugwali għal dik tal-mogħdija użata
għall-produzzjoni ta' metanol
8
fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
corn (maize) ethanol (forest residues as
29.5
30.3
process fuel in CHP plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
50.2
58.5
(natural gas as process fuel in
conventional boiler)
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
44.3
50.3
(natural gas as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
59.5
7
(lignite as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 ))
other cereals excluding maize ethanol
30.7
31.4
(forest residues as process fuel in CHP
plant ( *1 )
sugar cane ethanol
28.1
28.6
the part from renewable sources of
Equal to that of the ethanol production
ETBE
pathway used
the part from renewable sources of
Equal to that of the ethanol production
TAEE
pathway used
rape seed biodiesel
45.5
50.1
sunflower biodiesel
40.0
44.7
soybean biodiesel
42.2
47.0
palm oil biodiesel (open effluent pond)
63.3
5
palm oil biodiesel (process with
46.1
51.4
methane capture at oil mill)
waste cooking oil biodiesel
11.2
14.9
animals
fats
from
rendering
15.2
20.7
biodiesel ( *1 )
hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape
45.8
50.1
seed
hydrotreated vegetable oil from
39.4
43.6
sunflower
hydrotreated vegetable oil from
42.2
46.5
soybean
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm
62.1
73.2
oil (open effluent pond)
hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm
44.0
47.9
oil (process with methane capture at oil
mill)
hydrotreated oil from waste cooking oil
11.9
16.0
hydrotreated oil from animal fats from
16.0
21.8
rendering ( *2 )
pure vegetable oil from rape seed
38.5
40.0
pure vegetable oil from sunflower
32.7
34.3
pure vegetable oil from soybean
35.2
36.9
pure vegetable oil from palm oil (open
56.4
65.5
effluent pond)
pure vegetable oil from palm oil
38.5
40.3
(process with methane capture at oil
mill)
pure oil from waste cooking oil
2.0
2.2
*1
( )
Default values for processes using CHP are valid only if all the process heat is
supplied by CHP.
( *2 )
Note: applies only to biofuels produced from animal by-products classified as
category 1 and 2 material in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, for
which emissions related to hygenisation as part of the rendering are not considered.
Part E
ESTIMATED DISAGGREGATED DEFAULT VALUES FOR
FUTURE BIOFUELS AND BIOLIQUIDS THAT WERE NOT ON
THE MARKET OR WERE ONLY ON THE MARKET IN
NEGLIGIBLE QUANTITIES IN 2016
Disaggregated default values for cultivation: "e ec " as defined in
Part C of this Schedule, including N 2 O emissions (including chipping
of waste or farmed wood)
Biofuel and bioliquid production
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
pathway
emissions –
emissions – default
typical value
value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol
1.8
1.8
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in
3.3
3.3
free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel
8.2
8.2
in free-standing plant
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in
3.3
3.3
free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol
8.2
8.2
in free-standing plant
waste wood dimethylether (DME) in
3.1
3.1
free-standing plant
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in
7.6
7.6
free-standing plant
waste wood methanol in free-standing
3.1
3.1
plant
farmed wood methanol in free-
7.6
7.6
standing plant
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-
2.5
2.5
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-
2.5
2.5
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
dimethylether (DME) from black-
2.5
2.5
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
Methanol
from
black-liquor
2.5
2.5
gasification integrated with pulp mill
the part from renewable sources of Equal to that of the methanol production
MTBE
pathway used
Disaggregated default values for soil N 2 O emissions (included in
disaggregated default values for cultivation emissions in the "e ec "
table)
Biofuel and bioliquid production
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
pathway
emissions –
emissions – default
typical value
value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel
in free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel
4.4
4.4
in free-standing plant
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol
in free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol
4.4
4.4
in free-standing plant
waste wood dimethylether (DME) in
free-standing plant
farmed wood dimethylether (DME)
4.1
4.1
in free-standing plant
waste wood methanol in free-
standing plant
farmed wood methanol in free-
4.1
4.1
standing plant
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
dimethylether (DME) from black-
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
Methanol
from
black-liquor
gasification integrated with pulp mill
the part from renewable sources of Equal to that of the methanol production
MTBE
pathway used
Disaggregated default values for processing: "e p " as defined in
Part C of this Schedule
Biofuel and bioliquid production
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
pathway
emissions –
emissions – default
typical value
value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol
4.8
6.8
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in
0.1
0.1
free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel
0.1
0.1
in free-standing plant
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in
0.1
0.1
free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol
0.1
0.1
in free-standing plant
waste wood dimethylether (DME) in
free-standing plant
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in
free-standing plant
waste wood methanol in free-standing
plant
farmed wood methanol in free-
standing plant
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
dimethylether (DME) from black-
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
methanol
from
black-liquor
gasification integrated with pulp mill
the part from renewable sources of Equal to that of the methanol production
MTBE
pathway used
Disaggregated default values for transport and distribution: "e td "
as defined in Part C of this Schedule
Biofuel and bioliquid production Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
pathway
emissions –
emissions – default
typical value
value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol
7.1
7.1
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel
12.2
12.2
in free-standing plant
farmed wood
Fischer-Tropsch
8.4
8.4
diesel in free-standing plant
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol
12.2
12.2
in free-standing plant
farmed wood
Fischer-Tropsch
8.4
8.4
petrol in free-standing plant
waste wood dimethylether (DME)
12.1
12.1
in free-standing plant
farmed wood dimethylether (DME)
8.6
8.6
in free-standing plant
waste wood methanol in free-
12.1
12.1
standing plant
farmed wood methanol in free-
8.6
8.6
standing plant
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-
7.7
7.7
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-
7.9
7.9
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
dimethylether (DME) from black-
7.7
7.7
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
methanol
from
black-liquor
7.9
7.9
gasification integrated with pulp
mill
the part from renewable sources of Equal to that of the methanol production
MTBE
pathway used
Disaggregated default values for transport and distribution of
final fuel only. These are already included in the table of "transport
and distribution emissions e td " as defined in Part C of this Schedule,
but the following values are useful if an economic operator wishes to
declare actual transport emissions for feedstock transport only).
Biofuel and bioliquid production Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
pathway
emissions –
emissions – default
typical value
value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol
1.6
1.6
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in
1.2
1.2
free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel
1.2
1.2
in free-standing plant
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in
1.2
1.2
free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol
1.2
1.2
in free-standing plant
waste wood dimethylether (DME) in
2.0
2.0
free-standing plant
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in
2.0
2.0
free-standing plant
waste wood methanol in free-standing
2.0
2.0
plant
farmed wood methanol in free-
2.0
2.0
standing plant
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-
2.0
2.0
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-
2.0
2.0
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
dimethylether (DME) from black-
2.0
2.0
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
methanol
from
black-liquor
2.0
2.0
gasification integrated with pulp mill
the part from renewable sources of Equal to that of the methanol production
MTBE
pathway used
Total for cultivation, processing, transport and distribution
Biofuel and bioliquid production Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
pathway
emissions –
emissions – default
typical value
value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
wheat straw ethanol
13.7
15.7
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel in
15.6
15.6
free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel
16.7
16.7
in free-standing plant
waste wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol in
15.6
15.6
free-standing plant
farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch petrol
16.7
16.7
in free-standing plant
waste wood dimethylether (DME) in
15.2
15.2
free-standing plant
farmed wood dimethylether (DME) in
16.2
16.2
free-standing plant
waste wood methanol in free-standing
15.2
15.2
plant
farmed wood methanol in free-
16.2
16.2
standing plant
Fischer-Tropsch diesel from black-
10.2
10.2
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
Fischer-Tropsch petrol from black-
10.4
10.4
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
dimethylether (DME) from black-
10.2
10.2
liquor gasification integrated with
pulp mill
methanol
from
black-liquor
10.4
10.4
gasification integrated with pulp mill
the part from renewable sources of Equal to that of the methanol production
MTBE
pathway used
4
12.5
0.8
– 107.3
digestate
manure ( 1 )
Close
0.0
0.0
8.9
0.8
– 97.6
0.0
0.0
12.5
0.8
– 97.6
digestate
case 2
Open
0.0
74.1
8.9
0.8
– 107.3
0.0
7
12.5
0.8
– 107.3
digestate
Close
0.0
4.2
8.9
0.8
– 97.6
0.0
5.9
12.5
0.8
– 97.6
digestate
case 3
Open
0.0
83.2
8.9
0.9
– 120.7
0.0
4
12.5
0.9
– 120.7
digestate
Close
0.0
4.6
8.9
0.8
– 108.5
0.0
6.4
12.5
0.8
– 108.5
digestate
Maize
case 1
Open
15.6
13.5
8.9
0.0 ( 3 )
—
15.6
18.9
12.5
0.0
—
whole plant
digestate
( 2 )
Close
15.2
0.0
8.9
0.0
—
15.2
0.0
12.5
0.0
—
digestate
case 2
Open
15.6
18.8
8.9
0.0
—
15.6
26.3
12.5
0.0
—
digestate
Close
15.2
5.2
8.9
0.0
—
15.2
7.2
12.5
0.0
—
digestate
case 3
Open
17.5
21.0
8.9
0.0
—
17.5
29.3
12.5
0.0
—
digestate
Close
17.1
5.7
8.9
0.0
—
17.1
7.9
12.5
0.0
—
digestate
Biowaste
case 1
Open
0.0
21.8
8.9
0.5
—
0.0
30.6
12.5
0.5
—
digestate
Close
0.0
0.0
8.9
0.5
—
0.0
0.0
12.5
0.5
—
digestate
case 2
Open
0.0
27.9
8.9
0.5
—
0.0
39.0
12.5
0.5
—
digestate
Close
0.0
5.9
8.9
0.5
—
0.0
8.3
12.5
0.5
—
digestate
case 3
Open
0.0
31.2
8.9
0.5
—
0.0
43.7
12.5
0.5
—
digestate
Close
0.0
6.5
8.9
0.5
—
0.0
9.1
12.5
0.5
—
digestate
( 1 )
The values for biogas production from manure include negative emissions for emissions saved from raw manure management. The
value of e sca considered is equal to – 45 g CO 2 eq/MJ manure used in anaerobic digestion.
( 2 )
Maize whole plant means maize harvested as fodder and ensiled for preservation.
( 3 )
Transport of agricultural raw materials to the transformation plant is, according to the methodology provided in the Commission's report
of 25 February 2010 on sustainability requirements for the use of solid and gaseous biomass sources in electricity, heating and cooling,
included in the "cultivation" value. The value for transport of maize silage accounts for 0.4 g CO 2 eq/MJ biogas.
Disaggregated default values for biomethane
Biometha Technological option
TYPICAL VALUE [g CO 2 eq/MJ]
DEFAULT VALUE [g CO 2 eq/MJ]
ne
Cultivat Processi Upgra Transp Compre Manur
Cultivat Processin Upgradi Transpor Compress Manure
productio
ion
g
ng
t
ion
at credits
ion
ng
ding
ort
ssion at
e
n system
filling
filling
station credits
station
Wet
Open
no off-gas
0.0
84.2
19.5
1.0
3.3
– 124.4
0.0
9
27.3
1.0
4.6
– 124.4
manure digestate combustion
off-gas
0.0
84.2
4.5
1.0
3.3
– 124.4
0.0
117.9
6.3
1.0
4.6
– 124.4
combustion
Close
no off-gas
0.0
3.2
19.5
0.9
3.3
– 111.9
0.0
4.4
27.3
0.9
4.6
– 111.9
digestate combustion
off-gas
0.0
3.2
4.5
0.9
3.3
– 111.9
0.0
4.4
6.3
0.9
4.6
– 111.9
combustion
Maize Open
no off-gas
18.1
20.1
19.5
0.0
3.3
—
18.1
28.1
27.3
0.0
4.6
—
whole digestate combustion
plant
off-gas
18.1
20.1
4.5
0.0
3.3
—
18.1
28.1
6.3
0.0
4.6
—
combustion
Close
no off-gas
17.6
4.3
19.5
0.0
3.3
—
17.6
6.0
27.3
0.0
4.6
—
digestate combustion
off-gas
17.6
4.3
4.5
0.0
3.3
—
17.6
6.0
6.3
0.0
4.6
—
combustion
Biowast Open
no off-gas
0.0
30.6
19.5
0.6
3.3
—
0.0
42.8
27.3
0.6
4.6
—
e
digestate combustion
off-gas
0.0
30.6
4.5
0.6
3.3
—
0.0
42.8
6.3
0.6
4.6
—
combustion
Close
no off-gas
0.0
5.1
19.5
0.5
3.3
—
0.0
7.2
27.3
0.5
4.6
—
digestate combustion
off-gas
0.0
5.1
4.5
0.5
3.3
—
0.0
7.2
6.3
0.5
4.6
—
combustion
Part D
TOTAL TYPICAL AND DEFAULT VALUES FOR BIOMASS FUEL
PATHWAYS
Biomass
fuel
production Transport Greenhouse
gas Greenhouse
gas
system
distance
emissions – typical value emissions – default value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
Woodchips
from
forest 1 to 500 km
500 to 2500
residues
km
to
10000 km
Above
10000 km
Woodchips from short rotation 2500
to
coppice (Eucalyptus)
10000 km
Woodchips from short rotation 1 to 500 km
coppice (Poplar – Fertilised) 500 to 2500
km
to
10000 km
Above
10000 km
Woodchips from short rotation 1 to 500 km
No 500 to 2500
coppice
(Poplar
–
km
fertilisation)
to
10000 km
Above
10 000 km
Woodchips from stemwood
1 to 500 km
500 to 2500
km
to
10000 km
Above
10000 km
Woodchips
from
industry 1 to 500 km
500 to 2500
residues
km
to
10000 km
Above
10000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets 1 to 500 km
500 to 2500
from forest residues (case 1)
km
to
10000 km
Above
10000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets 1 to 500 km
from forest residues (case 2a) 500 to 2500
km
to
10000 km
Above
10000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets 1 to 500 km
from forest residues (case 3a) 500 to 2500
km
to
10000 km
Above
10000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets 2500
to
from short rotation coppice 10000 km
(Eucalyptus – case 1)
Wood briquettes or pellets 2500
to
from short rotation coppice 10000 km
(Eucalyptus – case 2a)
Wood briquettes or pellets 2500
to
from short rotation coppice 10000 km
(Eucalyptus – case 3a)
Wood briquettes or pellets 1 to 500 km
from short rotation coppice 500
to
10000 km
(Poplar – Fertilised – case 1)
Above
10000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets 1 to 500 km
from short rotation coppice 500
to
(Poplar – Fertilised – case 2a) 10000 km
Above
10000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets 1 to 500 km
from short rotation coppice 500
to
(Poplar – Fertilised – case 3a) 10000 km
Above
10000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets 1 to 500 km
from short rotation coppice 500
to
(Poplar – no fertilisation – case 10000 km
Above
1)
10000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets 1 to 500 km
from short rotation coppice 500
to
(Poplar – no fertilisation – case 10000 km
Above
2a)
10000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets 1 to 500 km
from short rotation coppice 500
to
(Poplar – no fertilisation – case 10000 km
Above
3a)
10000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets 1 to 500 km
500 to 2500
from stemwood (case 1)
km
to
10000 km
Above
10000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets 1 to 500 km
500 to 2500
from stemwood (case 2a)
km
to
10000 km
Above
10000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets 1 to 500 km
500 to 2500
from stemwood (case 3a)
km
to
10000 km
Above
10000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets 1 to 500 km
from wood industry residues 500 to 2500
km
to
10000 km
Above
10000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets 1 to 500 km
from wood industry residues 500 to 2500
km
to
10 000 km
Above
10000 km
Wood briquettes or pellets 1 to 500 km
from wood industry residues 500 to 2500
km
to
10000
Above
10000 km
Case 1 refers to processes in which a Natural Gas boiler is used
to provide the process heat to the pellet mill. Process electricity is
purchased from the grid.
Case 2a refers to processes in which a boiler fuelled with wood
chips is used to provide the process heat to the pellet mill. Process
electricity is purchased from the grid.
Case 3a refers to processes in which a CHP, fuelled with wood
chips, is used to provide heat and electricity to the pellet mill.
fuel Transport
Greenhouse gas emissions – Greenhouse gas emissions –
distance
typical value (g CO 2 eq/MJ) default value (g CO 2 eq/MJ)
Residues 1 to 500 km
500 to 2500
km
to
10000 km
Above
10000 km
Agricultural
Residues 1 to 500 km
with density > 0.2 t/m 3 500 to 2500
km
( 2 )
to
10000 km
Above
10000 km
Straw pellets
1 to 500 km
to
10000 km
Above
10000 km
Bagasse briquettes
to
10000 km
Above
10000 km
Palm Kernel Meal
Above
10000 km
Palm Kernel Meal (no Above
CH 4 emissions from oil 10000 km
mill)
( 1 )
This group of materials includes agricultural residues with a low bulk density and it comprises
materials such as straw bales, oat hulls, rice husks and sugar cane bagasse bales (not exhaustive list).
( 2 )
The group of agricultural residues with higher bulk density includes materials such as corn cobs, nut
shells, soybean hulls, palm kernel shells (not exhaustive list).
Typical and default values – biogas for electricity
Biogas
production Technological option Typical value
Default value
Greenhouse gas Greenhouse gas
system
emissions
emissions
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
Biogas
for
electricity Case 1 Open
– 28
from wet manure
digestate ( 1 )
Close
– 88
– 84
digestate ( 2 )
Case 2 Open
– 23
digestate
Close
– 84
– 78
digestate
Case 3 Open
– 28
digestate
Close
– 94
– 89
digestate
Biogas
for
electricity Case 1 Open
from maize whole plant
digestate
Close
digestate
Case 2 Open
digestate
Close
digestate
Case 3 Open
digestate
Close
digestate
Biogas
for
electricity Case 1 Open
from biowaste
digestate
Close
digestate
Case 2 Open
digestate
Close
digestate
Case 3 Open
digestate
Close
digestate
( 1 )
Open storage of digestate accounts for additional emissions of methane which change
with the weather, the substrate and the digestion efficiency. In these calculations the
amounts are taken to be equal to 0.05 MJ CH 4 /MJ biogas for manure, 0.035 MJ CH 4 /
MJ biogas for maize and 0.01 MJ CH 4 /MJ biogas for biowaste.
( 2 )
Close storage means that the digestate resulting from the digestion process is stored in
a gas tight tank and the additional biogas released during storage is considered to be
recovered for production of additional electricity or biomethane.
Typical and default values for biomethane
Biomethane
Technological
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
production
option
emissions –
emissions – default
system
typical value
value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
Biomethane from Open digestate, no
– 20
wet manure
off-gas
combustion
( 1 )
Open digestate, off-
– 35
gas combustion ( 2 )
Close digestate, no
– 88
– 79
off-gas combustion
Close digestate, off-
– 103
– 100
gas combustion
Biomethane from Open digestate, no
maize whole plant off-gas combustion
Open digestate, off-
gas combustion
Close digestate, no
off-gas combustion
Close digestate, off-
gas combustion
Biomethane from Open digestate, no
biowaste
off-gas combustion
Open digestate, off-
gas combustion
Close digestate, no
off-gas combustion
Close digestate, off-
gas combustion
( 1 )
This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to
biomethane: Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA), Pressure Water Scrubbing (PWS),
Membranes, Cryogenic, and Organic Physical Scrubbing (OPS). It includes an
emission of 0.03 MJ CH 4 /MJ biomethane for the emission of methane in the off-
gases.
( 2 )
This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to
biomethane: Pressure Water Scrubbing (PWS) when water is recycled, Pressure
Swing Adsorption (PSA), Chemical Scrubbing, Organic Physical Scrubbing (OPS),
Membranes and Cryogenic upgrading. No methane emissions are considered for this
category (the methane in the off-gas is combusted, if any).
Typical and default values – biogas for electricity – mixtures
of manure and maize: greenhouse gas emissions with shares given
on a fresh mass basis
Biogas production system
Technological
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gas
options
emissions – typical
emissions – default
value
value
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
(g CO 2 eq/MJ)
Case 1
Open digestate
Close
– 12
– 9
digestate
Case 2
Open digestate
Close
– 7
– 2
digestate
Case 3
Open digestate
Close
– 9
– 4
digestate
Case 1
Open digestate
Close
digestate
Case 2
Open digestate
Close
digestate
Case 3
Open digestate
Close
digestate
Manure –
Case 1
Open digestate
Close
Maize
digestate
60% - 40%
Case 2
Open digestate
Close
digestate
Case 3
Open digestate
Close
digestate
Comments
Case 1 refers to pathways in which electricity and heat required
in the process are supplied by the CHP engine itself.
Case 2 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the
process is taken from the grid and the process heat is supplied by the
CHP engine itself. In some Member States, operators are not allowed
to claim the gross production for subsidies and case 1 is the more
likely configuration.
Case 3 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the
process is taken from the grid and the process heat is supplied by a
biogas boiler. This case applies to some installations in which the CHP
engine is not on-site and biogas is sold (but not upgraded to
biomethane).
Typical and default values – biomethane - mixtures of
manure and maize: greenhouse gas emissions with shares given on
a fresh mass basis
Biomethane
production Technological options
Typical value Default value
(g
CO 2 eq/ (g
system
MJ)
MJ)
Manure – Maize
Open
digestate,
no
off-gas
combustion
80% - 20%
Open digestate, off-gas combustion
Close
digestate,
no
off-gas
– 1
combustion
Close digestate, off-gas combustion
– 16
Manure – Maize
Open
digestate,
no
off-gas
combustion
70% - 30%
Open digestate, off-gas combustion
Close
digestate,
no
off-gas
combustion
Close digestate, off-gas combustion
– 2
Manure – Maize
Open
digestate,
no
off-gas
combustion
Open digestate, off-gas combustion
Close
digestate,
no
off-gas
combustion
Close digestate, off-gas combustion
Where biomethane is used as Compressed Biomethane as a
transport fuel, a value of 3.3g CO 2 eq/MJ biomethane needs to be
added to the typical values and a value of 4.6g CO 2 eq/MJ biomethane
to the default values.