Supreme Court dismisses appeal allowing trial to proceed despite significant delay and retracted confessions.

THE SUPREME COURT

[Appeal No: 22/2013 &

24/2013]

Denham C.J.

Hardiman J.

O'Donnell J.

Clarke J.

Charleton J.

Between/

Mark Nash

Applicant/Appellant

and

The Director of Public Prosecutions

Respondent

JUDGMENT of Mr. Justice Clarke delivered on the 29th day of January 2015

1. Introduction

1.1 Cases which come to trial a long time after the events with which the proceedings are concerned can raise many problems. The

courts have, over recent years, had to deal with many such issues both in the context of civil claims and criminal charges. A very

significant body of case law has grown up and, at least in some respects, it would be fair to say that the jurisprudence has evolved.

1.2 There are some types of cases which have featured quite frequently in the case law both in the civil and criminal contexts.

However, that case law also throws up, from time to time, unusual circumstances. It could hardly be denied that this case can be

characterised as unusual to a high degree. The facts of the case are set out fully in other judgments and I do not propose to repeat

them save to note some of the principal features which, in my view, are of particular importance to the way in which this case should

be resolved.

1.3 The applicant/appellant ("Mr. Nash") currently stands charged with what became the very high profile murders of two women

living in sheltered accommodation called Orchard View at Grangegorman Psychiatric Hospital in Dublin. The circumstances of those

murders were more than sufficient to bring them to the forefront of public attention. However, it was what happened subsequently

which placed these cases into the "quite extraordinary" category. In circumstances set out in detail by Hardiman J. and Charleton J.,

both Mr. Nash and a Dean Lyons (since deceased) confessed to the murders and subsequently each purported to retract their

respective confessions. Nothing in either confession suggested that there was any possibility that both Mr. Nash and Mr. Lyons acted

in any way together so that both confessions were, necessarily, contradictory. In circumstances elaborated on by Charleton J. in his

judgment, it would appear that the prosecuting authorities, having initially charged Mr. Lyons but having then dropped those charges,

felt that, as things then stood, it would have been impossible to sustain a conviction against either Mr. Nash or Mr. Lyons given the

doubts that would have been raised in each of their cases by the confession of the other. Mr. Lyons subsequently died but forensic

evidence later emerged which, the prosecution contends, now leads to there being a sufficient case to bring Mr. Nash to trial. Mr.

Nash sought to prohibit his trial principally on the grounds of prejudice arising from the lapse of time between the murders and his

likely trial date (if same was not prohibited) in the early part of this year. The High Court (Moriarty J.) refused the relief (Nash v.

D.P.P. [2012] IEHC 359). Mr. Nash appealed to this Court. When the appeal came on for hearing before this Court there was an

urgency in the Court giving its decision having regard to the fact that Mr. Nash's trial, if it were to go ahead, had been fixed for

hearing in early course. In those circumstances the Court indicated that it would give a decision in a short number of days but that it

was likely that it would give the reasons for its decision at a later stage. That is, in fact, what transpired. The Court indicated that it

would dismiss the appeal, thus allowing Mr. Nash's trial to go ahead, and would give reasons later. The purpose of this judgment is to

set out the reasons why I supported the Court's determination to dismiss the appeal. For completeness it should be noted that, in

addition to the delay issue, a question concerning whether Mr. Nash's trial has been irreparably prejudiced by inappropriate pre-trial

publicity was also raised before the High Court, dismissed by that court and was the subject of an appeal to this Court.

1.4 One of the difficulties which courts frequently encounter, not least where there is a large volume of case law in an area, is in

attempting to apply that case law consistently most especially when the case under consideration has, as here, many extraordinary

and unusual features. In such circumstances it may often be useful to attempt to take a step back and identify the fundamental

principles which lie behind the case law for such a process can often be a valuable tool in seeking to apply the jurisprudence in

unusual cases. As some of the case law is concerned with blameworthy delay, but other aspects concerned simply with the

consequences of a significant lapse in time between events and a trial concerning those events, I propose to refer to the

jurisprudence governing all of these areas as the lapse of time jurisprudence, to which I now turn.

2. The Lapse of Time Jurisprudence

2.1 Much of the jurisprudence in respect of lapse of time both in relation to criminal trials and civil proceedings focuses on the risk to

a fair trial. I do not at all disagree with the proposition that fundamental constitutional concepts of fairness in the legal process are,

quite properly, at the heart of this jurisprudence. At least since State (Healy) v. Donoghue [1976] I.R. 325, it has been recognised

that the guarantee provided by the Constitution of a criminal trial in due course of law brings with it an obligation that the trial is

conducted not only in accordance with the technical requirements of the criminal law for the time being in force but also in

accordance with fundamental principles of fairness. It also seems to me that like considerations apply in respect of civil proceedings

even though the precise requirements which the Constitution may demand may not necessarily be the same in the context of such

cases. Indeed, even within the criminal category itself, it is clear that the practical requirements of constitutional fairness may differ

from one case to the next. State (Healy) v. Donoghue was specifically concerned with the entitlement of an impecunious accused to

have legal aid provided by the State. However, that case made it clear that the entitlement only arose in criminal proceedings where

the potential consequences for the accused were sufficiently serious. Thus, the constitutional requirement of fairness requires legal

aid in serious criminal cases but not in relation to minor ones.

2.2 It is, therefore, important, when attempting to address the fundamental underlying principles, to make clear that the way in which

those principles may impact in practise may differ significantly from case to case. There will undoubtedly be differences in the

practical impact on civil cases, on the one hand, and criminal proceedings, on the other. There will also, potentially, be differences in

impact between one type of case within either category and another. But it does not seem to me that the acknowledgement of that

undoubted fact should necessarily distract from the important task of seeking to identify the fundamental underlying principles. As

noted earlier, resort to those principles can often be of particular assistance in attempting to resolve unusual or difficult cases.

2.3 In that context it is important to identify the fundamental rights and obligations with which any court must be concerned. On one

side of the equation there is the undoubted constitutional importance of ensuring that asserted legal rights and obligations are

definitively determined after a full examination of all relevant and admissible evidence and the application of proper legal principles to

the facts which emerge from that analysis. There is a high constitutional value in proceedings, whether criminal or civil, being

determined after a trial on the merits. In the criminal context, Denham J., in B. v. DPP [1997] 3 I.R. 140, spoke of the community’s

right to have offences prosecuted. As she pointed out that right is not absolute. However, in my view, a significant countervailing

constitutional right is required to justify proceedings from being terminated before they have progressed to a decision following a trial

on the merits. The general principle encompasses the entitlement of society as a whole to ensure that those against whom there is

sufficient evidence to warrant the bringing of a criminal charge are tried and a proper verdict determined in accordance with the

evidence and the law. It is also important to emphasise, as Hardiman J. noted in Whelan v. Lawn [2014] IESC 75, that there has been

an increasing recognition, in the context of the criminal process, of the rights of victims. The entitlement of a victim of crime to at

least have the evidence which suggests that a particular accused may be guilty analysed at a trial and a proper verdict delivered

should not be underestimated.

2.4 In passing it should, however, in that context, also be noted that the criminal process itself envisages that there may be cases

where the evidence is insufficient to allow a trial on the merits to proceed to a verdict of the jury (or a judge or judges where a trial

without a jury is permitted). First, an accused is entitled to apply under s.4E of the Criminal Procedure Act, 1967 (as inserted by s.9

of the Criminal Justice Act, 1999) for what has sometimes been called a "summary dismissal" (see for example Cruise v. Judge Frank

O'Donnell [2008] 3 I.R. 230 and D.P.P. v. Jagutis [2013] IECCA 4). This procedure replaced the former preliminary inquiry before the

District Court. Under s.4E(4) the court must dismiss the case if "there is not a sufficient case to put the accused on trial". Likewise,

an accused can apply during the trial (most typically at the close of the prosecution case) for a direction based on a submission that

a jury properly directed could not convict. The D.P.P. must be entitled to consider whether a prosecution could survive such

applications in deciding whether to prosecute.

2.5 Likewise, in the civil context, persons who claim disputed rights or obligations or who allege wrongdoing in respect of which the

law allows redress are, in principle, entitled to have their day in court. That means that there is a strong constitutional value in a

court ultimately determining the rights and wrongs of the competing positions of the parties on the basis of a proper analysis of all

relevant and admissible evidence and the application of the law to the facts thereby emerging.

2.6 All of those factors suggest that there is a significant constitutional weight to be placed on the side of credible cases, whether

criminal or civil, going to trial and being determined on the merits in accordance with the law and the evidence. However, there may

be competing considerations. It seems to me that, at least of the level of broad and high principle, there are three such

considerations.

2.7 First, it must be acknowledged that persons who may be the subject of adverse findings as a result of a court process (criminal

convictions or adverse orders in civil claims) have a general constitutional entitlement (similar to the rights established under the

European Convention on Human Rights) to have those rights, obligations or liabilities (including criminal liabilities) determined in a

timely fashion (see further, I.I. v. J.J. [2012] IEHC 327). That is an entitlement which is, in my view, independent of the entitlement

to a fair trial.

2.8 For example, in the criminal delay context, this Court and the High Court have frequently cited the jurisprudence of the United

States Supreme Court including, in particular, Barker v. Wingo [1972] 407 U.S. 514 (see for example D.P.P. v. Byrne [1994] 2 I.R.

236). It is clear from that jurisprudence that a significant aspect of the rights which must be taken into account involves a

consideration that a criminal charge should not be left hanging over the head of an accused for an excessive period. This

encompasses the second criteria noted in Barker v. Wingo being the anxiety and concern of the accused caused by a significant

delay in a criminal case coming to trial. It can also, in some cases, include the first criteria where the accused is imprisoned pending

trial. Those criteria are separate from the third which focuses on the risk to a fair trial. Precisely how the right to expedition may

apply in practise may, of course, raise many difficult questions of implementation. It is also true that there may well, at least in many

cases, be a significant interaction between lapse of time per se and prejudice to a fair trial for it is the universal experience that the

more time which elapses, the greater the risk there will be to the possibility of there being a fair trial. Nonetheless, I am satisfied that

there is a constitutional value involved in this area of jurisprudence which requires weight to be placed on the entitlement of parties

not to have potential litigation hanging over them for a period which, in all the circumstances, amounts to a significant breach of their

rights. Importantly, it must also be acknowledged that the remedy for a breach of the right to an early or expeditious trial will not

necessarily be that the trial must be prohibited.

2.9 Similar principles have been identified, as a stand-alone element of the jurisprudence, in the civil context. In Toal v. Duignan (No.

2) [1991] I.L.R.M. 140, Finlay C.J. stated that the Court has an inherent jurisdiction in the interests of justice to dismiss a claim

where the length of time which has elapsed between the events out of which it arises and the time when it comes on for hearing is,

in all the circumstances, so great that it would be unjust to call on the defendant to defend himself against the claim made. It seems

clear that this inherent jurisdiction to dismiss a claim exists even in the absence of culpable delay on the part of a plaintiff. (See for

example Manning v. Benson and Hedges Limited [2004] 3 I.R. 556 at 567).

2.10 It follows that, in both the criminal and the civil jurisprudence, there is a strand which recognises that there is a constitutional

entitlement to a timely trial of proceedings and that, in extreme cases, it may be that a particularly serious breach of that entitlement

will, of itself, override the constitutional imperative that there should be a trial on the merits and, thus, require that the case not

progress to trial. It should, however, be emphasised that the fact of a breach of the constitutional right to a timely trial does not, in

and of itself, necessarily mean that there should be no trial on the merits. There will be many cases where the breach will not be

sufficiently serious to warrant interfering with the presumption in favour of a trial on the merits. There may also well be many cases

where some form of remedy, other than preventing a trial on the merits, will be sufficient.

2.11 I now turn to the second consideration. In many (probably most) cases the key consideration which will require to be balanced

against the undoubted desirability of there being a trial on the merits is the risk that that very trial will, by virtue of lapse of time, in

itself, be unfair. But what, in that context, is meant by an unfair trial?

2.12 The starting point has to be to acknowledge that there will very rarely be a perfect trial where all evidence which either side

might theoretically wish to have available is before the Court. As has often been pointed out, even where a case comes on for trial

with commendable expedition, evidence may just no longer be available because of the untimely death of witnesses or, indeed, their

unavailability. Documentary or forensic evidence may not have been preserved or even gathered in the first place in circumstances

which may be wholly understandable and where no blame may attach to anyone. The person charged with a criminal offence arising

out of public disorder on a street may find that there were CCTV cameras which either were not working on the night in question or

did not point in the right direction to catch the important parts of the relevant incident. A witness to a car crash which is the subject

of a civil claim may not have left their name with anyone who remained at the scene of the accident and may just not be capable of

being found. Literally hundreds of other examples could be given. So the starting point has to be to acknowledge that very few trials

will be close to perfect in the sense of the judge having available all materials which either side might, in an ideal world, have wished

to have been in a position to present. But such lack of perfection does not mean that the trial will be unfair for to require such

perfection as a necessary ingredient of a fair trial would automatically lead to the vast majority of cases being incapable of being tried

and, thus, to the whole scale denial of the rights and obligations of those parties who had an interest in a proper trial and a proper

determination of whatever rights, obligations or liabilities the evidence and the law required. In that context it is apposite to note the

telling comment of Henchy J., in O'Domhnaill v. Merrick [1984] I.R. 151, to the effect that justice delayed does not always mean

justice denied but can often mean justice diminished. Henchy J. went on to say that, in some cases, delay can "put justice to the

hazard to such an extent that it would be an abrogation of basic fairness to allow the case to proceed to trial".

2.13 What then leads to a trial, whether criminal or civil, being regarded as constitutionally unfair given that trials will almost

inevitably fall somewhat short of perfection? When does justice become so diminished or "put to the hazard" to lead to a degree of

unfairness sufficient to hold that justice is denied and thus to warrant departing from the imperative of a trial on the merits? In my

view, a proper analysis of the jurisprudence in both the criminal and civil contexts leads to the conclusion that there are two ways in

which such unfairness may be established. First, the lapse of time may be so great and the divergence from any semblance of a real

trial on the merits so substantial, that it can be appropriate to come to the view that the conduct of a trial would be nothing more

than that in name. Obviously the extent to which such a situation can properly be said to exist may be very dependent on the type

of case under consideration. Some types of case, of their nature, will, no matter how perfect the trial may be, involve the Court in

only having available limited materials to assess the facts. Also certain types of materials are likely to be less cogent or effective as

evidence over time. For example, while the context in which a contract was drawn up will always be of some relevance to the proper

interpretation of its terms, legal rights and obligations which are more or less completely determined by a document are likely to be

just as capable of being properly assessed even after a lengthy period of time. However, even in cases where all of the witnesses

who might have been available, had there been a very early trial, are still in a position to give evidence, lapse of time can make it a

lot more difficult for a court to carry out any proper assessment of where the truth may lie particularly where the facts are

contested. At a certain point the absence of evidence which might otherwise have been available coupled with the effect of lapse of

time on the ability of the Court to assess other evidence, may lead to a stage being reached where, in the words used in some of the

civil jurisprudence and most recently reiterated by Hardiman J. in Whelan v. Lawn, the case has gone beyond the reach of fair

litigation.

2.14 In such cases, whether criminal or civil, the finding of the Court is simply that, not necessarily through anyone's fault, time and

events have passed to such an extent that the establishment of facts, determined by an analysis of evidence which can properly be

tested, which process is at the heart of a court system, is just no longer possible. In such circumstances it will not be possible to

have a fair trial.

2.15 There are, however, other cases where the consequence of lapse of time and events is not so severe so that it is possible to

say that a meaningful trial could not be conducted at all. As noted earlier, few trials will be perfect. But the effect of lapse of time

may well, again to a greater or lesser degree depending on the type of case involved, mean that the extent to which any trial might

fall short of perfection has increased. To adopt the phrase of Henchy J. in O'Domhnaill, lapse of time will diminish but not deny justice.

Should that, necessarily and of itself, lead to a conclusion that any trial would be unfair? I do not think so. However, where it is

possible for the Court to identify that a party was culpable in respect of the lapse of time (i.e. that a party was guilty of delay) then

a different analysis seems to me to arise.

2.16 A party (the accused in a criminal trial or a defendant in civil proceedings for example) may not always be able to have the

perfect trial. For the reasons already analysed some cases may be so far removed from that theoretical standard of perfection that it

can fairly be said that there can not really be anything that is a trial in any proper sense of that term at all. In such circumstances

the trial would necessarily be unfair.

2.17 However, there may be other cases where a trial is still possible but where, due to the fault of one side (the prosecuting

authorities in a criminal case or, typically, a plaintiff in civil proceedings), there has been a significant increase in the extent to which

the trial falls short of perfection from the perspective of the other side. In such cases, therefore, justice is diminished through fault.

In those circumstances the party on the receiving end (the accused or the defendant) can, in my view, properly suggest that the

constitutional unfairness with which they are faced is not so much that they cannot have a fair trial at all but rather that it is unfair

that they should have a significantly impaired or diminished trial where that impairment is as a result of culpable delay on the part of

their opponent. It might well, of course, have been the case that, due to happenstance, a less perfect trial might be all that could

have been achieved notwithstanding the absence of any culpable delay on the part of the relevant opponent. In those

circumstances, it might be said that there is no constitutional unfairness. A trial which is still fundamentally fair could be conducted.

Insofar as it might fall short of perfection no-one will be to blame. However, where there is culpable delay it may become unfair to

subject a defendant or accused to a significantly less than perfect trial where the degree of impairment has been materially

contributed to by culpable delay on the other side. Such cases will, necessarily, involve a balance in which the undoubted desirability

of rights, obligations and liabilities being properly determined at a full trial, on the basis of a consideration of all relevant and

admissible evidence and the application of the law to the facts thus established, must be given significant weight.

2.18 There is a third lapse of time issue which I should mention but which does not arise in this case. In order that there be

adherence to the obligation of the State to afford all litigants, criminal or civil, a timely trial, the courts have significant power to

impose adverse consequences in respect of serious procedural failure including cases where such failure leads to delay. There can be

cases where the termination of proceedings may be a proportionate response to such failure, although, of course, such a cause of

action will normally be justified only in cases of very significant failure and frequently, although not necessarily, where such failure

leads to prejudice.

2.19 Thus, it seems to me, in summary, the fundamental principles can be expressed in the following way:-

(a) There is a significant constitutional imperative in favour of all issues of rights, liabilities or obligation, whether criminal

or civil, being determined on the merits as a result of a trial at which all admissible and relevant evidence is analysed and

the law properly applied to the facts which thereby emerge;

(b) In order that such a trial on the merits not proceed it is necessary that there be a sufficiently weighty countervailing

factor involving important constitutional rights which, in the circumstances of the case, outweigh the constitutional

imperative for a trial on the merits;

(c) In the context of lapse of time the countervailing factor may, if sufficiently weighty in the circumstances of the case,

be one of:-

i. culpable delay which is such that it would, having regard to the period of time over which the proceedings or

potential proceedings have been left hanging over the relevant party, be a sufficient breach of constitutional

fairness so as to make it proportionate to prevent the proceedings from going ahead;

ii. a lapse of time which, irrespective of whether blame can be attached to any person, has rendered it impossible

that a true trial on the merits can be conducted and has, therefore, placed whatever controversy might have been

the subject of the trial beyond the reach of fair litigation or;

iii. culpable delay where a trial on the merits is, nonetheless, still possible but where, in the context of the issues in

the case and the evidence which could or might be or have been available, the trial which could ultimately be

conducted is, by reason of lapse of time caused by culpable delay, significantly further from the ideal of a perfect

trial than would have been the case had no such culpable delay occurred. Where, therefore, justice is diminished

through fault. A clear balancing exercise arises in such cases. It will only be appropriate to prevent a final decision

on the merits where it is proportionate so to do as a response to any culpable delay established.

2.20 It is important to emphasise that those underlying principles apply equally in the context of criminal and civil proceedings. They

inform the jurisprudence which has developed as a means of giving practical implementation to those principles but do so, because of

the obvious difference in the nature of the relevant proceedings, in a different way in the civil and the criminal context.

2.21 Before leaving the general principles applicable there are two further points which I would wish to make. First, there has been a

growing tendency for the courts, when asked to prohibit or otherwise prevent a trial from going ahead (by means of prohibition in the

criminal context or by stay or dismissal for inordinate and inexcusable delay in the civil context) to consider whether it might be more

appropriate to leave the final decision to the trial judge. Where it is clear that no true trial on the merits is capable of being

conducted then such a course of action may well not be appropriate. Likewise, there may be circumstances where delay per se leads

to it becoming constitutionally unfair to allow a trial to proceed in circumstances where nothing which would be likely to emerge at

the trial would alter the proper assessment of where the balance of justice lies in the case in question. However, in many cases, and

most particularly those cases where it is suggested that the fundamental constitutional unfairness stems from an accused or

defendant being required to be subjected to a trial which has been rendered significantly more distant from the ideal of a perfect trial

by reason of culpable delay, it may well be that an assessment of the extent of any such difficulties will much more easily be made by

a trial judge. Such a judge will be able to assess, in the light of the evidence which is actually tendered and in the light of having a

much better ability to assess the kind of evidence which might have been tendered were it not for the delay (and the relevance and

importance of such evidence in practice), whether the extent of departure from the ideal of perfect trial is sufficiently significant to

warrant interfering with the constitutional imperative that proceedings should be tried on their merits. Likewise, a trial judge will

almost invariably be in a better position to determine whether the ability to assess the credibility or cogency of evidence has been

impaired by lapse of time.

2.22 In those circumstances, I am of the view that it is preferable, except in clear cases, that the issue be left to the trial judge

whether in civil or criminal proceedings. That position should only be departed from where, in advance of trial, the result of the

outcome of any analysis of the competing interests is sufficiently clear to warrant the case not even going to trial. It must again be

emphasised that, even where the case goes to trial, it remains one of the most important duties of the trial judge to assess, if the

issue is raised, whether any of the lapse of time issues which emerge render it appropriate to reach a determination other than on the

merits in all the circumstances of the case.

2.23 Finally, it is important to touch on what has become known in the recent jurisprudence of the courts as the lost evidence cases.

I do this not least because that jurisprudence is referred to by Charleton J. in his judgment.

2.24 First, it seems to me to be necessary to note that there is a distinction between the strand of jurisprudence involving lapse of

time cases, on the one hand, and lost evidence cases, on the other, although the consequences of lapse of time and lost evidence

may often be the same. Prejudice arising from lapse of time may be asserted to take the form of evidence no longer available.

2.25 Therefore, the lost evidence jurisprudence fits into the broad principles which I have sought to identify as applicable in respect

of lapse of time. Where, owing to culpability on the part of the prosecuting authorities, an accused is faced with a trial which is,

because of the loss of evidence, much further from the ideal of a perfect trial than should otherwise be the case, it may ultimately be

in breach of constitutional principles of fairness to allow a trial on the merits to proceed. However, as in all other aspects of these

areas of jurisprudence, significant weight needs to be placed on the important constitutional imperative that there should be a trial on

the merits. Likewise, save in a clear case, it will be preferable to leave the ultimate question to the trial judge who will be in a much

better position to be able to tell the real or likely effect which the lost evidence might have had on the trial.

2.26 In the light of those general principles I now turn to the facts of this case.

3 Application to this Case

3.1 I was not convinced that it is proper to characterise this case as being essentially a lost evidence case. It is, fundamentally, a

lapse of time case even though, as pointed out earlier, there may be similarities between the two.

3.2 First it should be said that this case did not seem to me to fit into that category of case where it can be said that there can be

no reality to there being a true trial on the merits as a result of the lapse of time between the events the subject of the charge and

the likely trial date. The central plank of the prosecution case will, doubtless, be forensic evidence connected with the blood samples

found on Mr. Nash's clothing which were, ultimately and in the circumstances set out in some detail in the judgment of Charleton J.,

analysed in a way which suggests that they are blood from the two victims. This court is not presently aware as to the way in which

the defence will seek to address that evidence. Will it be suggested that there is some flaw in the forensic evidence? Will some

explanation be put forward as to how the blood might have been on Mr. Nash's clothing in innocent circumstances? The precise

approach which the defence adopts to that forensic evidence is a matter of which the trial judge will be aware and this Court is not.

That alone places the trial judge in a much better position to assess the overall issues which arise from lapse of time in this case. It

also not at all clear at this stage that any questions which the defence might wish to raise in respect of that forensic evidence will be

more difficult to raise now than would have been the case had there been a much earlier trial. Thus, one of the central issues in the

case, being the extent to which the relevant forensic evidence may be considered probative, seems likely to be capable of being fully

explored at the trial. It follows that this could not, by any manner of means, be said to be a trial which is beyond the reach of fair

litigation.

3.3 The central complaint which is made on behalf of Mr. Nash concerns what are said to be the significant additional difficulties

which he would now face in being able to, as it were, question the cogency of the case against him by reference to the confession

previously made by Mr. Lyons. Such a defence is sometimes referred to as an "empty chair" defence whereby the focus, or at least a

focus, of the defence case is to suggest the possibility that another individual is the true culprit and thus argue that the case against

the accused has not been established beyond reasonable doubt. There is no doubt but that it is open to Mr. Nash to seek, within the

rules of procedure and the law of evidence, to raise an empty chair defence, in this case directed at Mr. Lyons, or indeed, any other

potential perpetrator. But there must be considerable uncertainty at this stage as to the extent to which, in practise, it might be said

that he is impaired in so doing.

3.4 That Mr. Lyons initially confessed to the same murders cannot be doubted. That those facts can form a legitimate part of the

defence seems clear. It will, at least initially, be a matter for the trial judge to rule on the admissibility of any particular items of

evidence which the defence may seek to introduce as part of an "empty chair" defence. All that can be said at this stage is that

neither counsel for Mr. Nash nor prosecuting counsel were, quite understandably, prepared at the hearing before this Court to suggest

any definitive answer to some of the evidential issues which might well arise in that context at the trial. For that reason again, the

trial judge will be in a much better position to form a judgment as to whether, and if so to what extent, Mr. Nash has truly been

impaired by lapse of time in running any empty chair defence which he might wish. Like considerations apply in relation to any defence

which might be based on the position of another individual who appeared to have been a so called "person of interest" in the context

of the inquiries made by An Garda Síochána in this case.

3.5 Insofar as it may be possible for Mr. Nash to seek to argue that, by reason of lapse of time, he will now have an impaired

opportunity to present his defence, the extent of any such impairment - the extent to which justice may be diminished - is far from

clear and is highly likely to be much clearer to the trial judge. But, of course, in the light of the general principles which I have sought

to analyse earlier in this judgment, a case where a trial might involve some diminishment (but not denial) of justice should only be

prohibited if the reason for such diminution is culpable delay and where prohibiting the trial is a proportionate response to the relevant

culpable delay considered in the light of the extent of the impairment in question.

3.6 There was, in my view, a real question of whether there is, truly, any real culpability on the part of the prosecuting authorities at

all. It is important to emphasise that prosecuting authorities should only properly bring criminal proceedings where there is a prospect

of success. As noted earlier, there are procedures available to the defence to halt the trial process where there is insufficient

evidence to arguably support a sustainable conviction. But even beyond that, prosecuting authorities are, like all other agencies,

subject to the limitation of finite resources. Decisions have to be made as to how those resources are best to be deployed. Allocating

resources in the prosecution of one case may mean that there are less resources available in another area. Leaving aside altogether,

therefore, cases where it would be wrong to prosecute because of insufficient evidence, a wide margin of appreciation must be left to

prosecuting authorities as to how to allocate their resources with particular reference to concentrating on cases where there is the

greatest likelihood of securing a conviction. The criminal process is not, ultimately, about conducting inquiries. It is about determining

guilt or innocence of criminal offences and, in the case of guilt, imposing an appropriate penalty.

3.7 Without the forensic DNA evidence now available, it is difficult to disagree with the case made on behalf of the prosecuting

authorities that it was reasonable not to prosecute Mr. Nash. It may well be that, prior to that evidence becoming available, different

members of An Garda Síochána who had some involvement in the case had different views as to whether it was more likely that Mr.

Nash, on the one hand, or Mr. Lyons, on the other, or, indeed, any other person, might be guilty. But those differences of opinion are

beside the point. The forensic evidence, at least so far as providing a sufficient case to justify seeking to bring the matter to trial,

was a game changer.

3.8 It is true that it would appear that the enhanced techniques which were ultimately deployed to provide the evidence, which is

now sought to be relied on at Mr. Nash's trial, were available for some period prior to their actual use in this case. Whether, and if so

to what extent, the prosecuting authorities were culpable in not seeking to use those techniques at an earlier stage and whether,

importantly, their use at a somewhat earlier stage (thus leading to a somewhat earlier trial) might have made any great difference to

the likely evidence which could have been led, is a matter which, in my view, is far from clear on the evidence currently available. It

will be a matter on which the trial judge will be in a much better position to form a proper judgment.

3.9 As indicated earlier, a trial should only be prohibited in a clear case. In other cases the assessment of whether there is a

sufficient level of unfairness to prevent the trial from ultimately coming to a conclusion on the merits is a matter for the trial judge.

Insofar as there may be cases where it is appropriate to prevent a trial reaching a conclusion on the merits because of an impairment

in the ability of the defence to make its case, a judgment must be reached as to whether, in the light of the imperative which favours

a trial on the merits, the degree of culpability on the part of the prosecuting authorities and the extent of any diminishment in the

ability of the accused to present a defence has led to a point being reached where it is constitutionally unfair to allow the trial to

reach a conclusion on the merits. In this case I was satisfied that it was by no means clear that there had been any significant

culpable delay on the part of the prosecuting authorities, although I would leave a final judgment on that issue to the trial judge.

Likewise, I was satisfied that it was by no means clear as to the extent to which Mr. Nash would truly be impaired in the presentation

of his defence by reason of any additional lapse of time which could be attributable to such culpable delay as might be established. I

would, again, leave an assessment of such impairment or diminishment to the trial judge. This was, therefore, far from the sort of

clear case where the courts should intervene to prohibit a trial in advance.

4. Conclusions

4.1 For those reasons, I was satisfied that the conclusion reached by the Court, being to uphold the decision of the High Court and

dismiss the appeal, is correct. Any unconstitutional unfairness which might arise in this case stems from that category identified

earlier in this judgment where it might be said to be unfair to require an accused to be tried on the merits in circumstances where,

due to culpable delay on the part of the prosecuting authorities, the trial will be much more distant from the ideal of a perfect trial

than might have otherwise been the case in the absence of such culpable delay.

4.2 In order for it to be constitutionally required that the imperative, which favours all issues of justiciable controversy being

determined by a trial on the merits, should be departed from, it is necessary that the real extent of any such additional departure

from the ideal of a perfect trial be sufficiently significant and the culpability of the prosecuting authorities so serious that their

combined effect is sufficient to disturb the important constitutional value in the guilt or innocence of persons accused of crime being

determined by a full trial on the merits.

4.3 A trial should only be prohibited from going ahead where it is clear that such balance lies against a full trial on the merits being

permitted. I was not satisfied that it was at all clear that such is the case here. It will remain, of course, a matter for the trial judge

to form a judgment (which judgment the trial judge will be in a much better position to exercise) whether that balance tips against

allowing a final determination of Mr. Nash's guilt or innocence to be determined by a decision on the merits. In particular the trial

judge will be in a much better position than this Court to assess the state of the evidence in that regard not least because there are

many issues of admissibility which may have a significant impact on the extent to which Mr. Nash may be able to place before the

Court any defence which he wishes (concerning the involvement of Mr. Lyons).

4.4 Finally, I am in full agreement with the judgment of Charleton J. insofar as it relates to the pre-trial publicity issue and I have

nothing to add on that point.