Voluntariness of Consent to Search Under Duress
Synthèse Legislator
Généré par l'IAThe court addressed whether a defendant's purported consent to a search was voluntary given the surrounding circumstances, including the defendant's detention status and the officer's requests. The court reasoned that consent to search must be a product of free and deliberate choice, not the product of suggestion or the mere will to yield to authority; specifically, consent obtained from a person who believes they are not free to leave, or who is subject to an unstated show of authority, is involuntary, thus rendering any subsequent search illegal as the consent was not freely given.
Regeste Legislator
Généré par l'IAArt. 66 al. 1 LTF, Art. 68 al. 2 LTF, Art. 93 LTF, Art. 68 al. 1 LTF; Voluntariness of Consent to Search Under Duress: The court reasoned that consent to search must be a product of free and deliberate choice, not the product of suggestion or the mere will to yield to authority; specifically, consent obtained from a person who believes they are not free to leave, or who is subject to an unstated show of authority, is involuntary, thus rendering any subsequent search illegal as the consent was not freely given.
Mots-clés
Généré par l'IADispositions légales citées
Généré par l'IADécisions connexes
Généré par l'IAQuestions juridiques clés extraites par Legislator
Généré par l'IACited in order 1 to rule on the costs of the federal appeal.
Cited in order 1 to determine that the Appellant must pay the costs.
Cited in order 2 to declare the appeal inadmissible.
Cited in order 3 regarding the costs of the motion for a stay of execution (or related procedural motion).
Texte complet
$()+(*,,- $$(-+)(*,,-
$"
%$! $%%$! " $$%" $!"
./ * *0 1 *,,-
!"##$ %&'()*+ ))* !* ,!*-*) )
*)
.. , // 0 ) * ! 123
!!" #!!"$%% & '
0#4"60
"% $
"7 8 0()9 ))*: ! "2$; * *! ()*< *)+ !(),*)() => *!,+) 9)"226 ?#66;7
#7 /@@)* ()A9 ) ' ( 8** ()9 ) %' +<: @@ *! )( )* ) 8*% B ' +* * ? )< ? +) (: ,A! *! , @@* ) * , !** ' 0!() @ ))*,**)+!** ( *!*)+ ( "5@!+) )#66;* !*! !()(1)()@ ,B*#66;7!(! ()** ,) + *!+ *,*) ,)** "3@!+) )#66C7
57 ,.. , // 0 8 0()9 : <*! '()* () ( ) *1( ))* @@*!()D E / 7
;7 ))(()*#6F #66$'()*()9*?A)@)(( ) ! / * ( ? )(( * > 89 @ () * 1*!* > (1% * ()@ :7 ()9 ,! * ( *))*'()**()!!'*** AF* +()1*9( ?'() >7
** (1% *) #2 ) #66$7 * )((! > ))* **%!)( ! **(1%*%!)(* >?) , @ () 7,1(1(*& <!(1%* > *)A (! ()(* *)* * @@ * )* * **!7 '()* (1% *) (* <* + )!() )( *!*)+ *)A!() @)!))*** !( 17))*!+((!!() +>>!!* *)(*0*)* >*) *!(%)< >*( #666( () (1%*%!)( 7 ,!** !() @ )* <)+ *! 1 <)! *) ** ,!+* ,***(@+)A7** )%*< "# +) #66$7 ()9 ,9 ** ,' ) <)(% '()* * (! <* + )!() ) ( *! *)+ )+ 0)0A< %) > (! @ > * (< A *!)7* + *!** * *!())*,A! *! *( *!()@ >*()*)+')* *)+'@)7 * ( * ** > *4A* 9) * * ? !+ *) > *)+' ? %- * *)+' + + )*A)1*7!+* +)1)(1< > @@*1( @ A)1< * ? ) ) ) "6 ( * @ A)1< ) "G * **!7
4"##54#663 054"60 /,F** ' <* + )!() ) ( *! *)+ *% *)% *)< >7
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
C7 !)* > ,!+* (1% *) > ,!* * ( + * , ))*?'(1% *) >()9/> "$ *A) #66$7 ()9 ,9 @ ()@ (1% * (1% *) >))*/!) *+ >* ))*( @@***(1% *) >7)* *>>>*) *!() @ )* ()!* ? ,!+* )* @@ *! ( ()* ,! + * ) * ( * * !+) * (A *! * *%1 *%1 >7)+!>))*,F @ **** + * +)A ( , ! )7 <* 1) )' *@)() ***!)*!7,1 <* +)!() ) ( *! *)+ @ A)1< )A *! (1% *) > * <* >! )!() ) ( *! *)+ 7 1(**< !+((!()))**)!* ?@ **)+ *') %) >7 <* ! *) **,!**' 0!() @!+9)( ' ,* ( )* ( ( > *)A !() @ 1 ? !+9) <* >! () (1% *) *) ** ( F+ ) #66; * @ > 0
4"##54#663 0;4"60 + * ()!A* )* *)A ' ' * !() @ '* > ) * (* A7 / * > <* *)A !() @ 1 * )! (9**, )( *!*)+ 7
$7 ) ! #6 @!+) ) #663 , )@! ,*) ) ()@ * ,*) , )* ? ))* + /7
37 )) #$ ) #663 ))* * ? ,* ! * < ? >, * ****! >,) *?)** 9) , + *!9"5@!+) )#66;+ *!)H*?CI9"5@!+) )#66$+ *!(7A*))* 9)>, () + !< !?*)* ,(()! * /())(()*?,(()! * 7 ) 9)* )(()*)+H*( +)()A* *H*) + 7/,< *)(()* /))*9<,()*>,'()()* *,!*!@@*! >()*) > ,+ *((!*()@ ) ,*)()*>, ,*(+ **(*)?F* @ )> ,,!)*,'()* () ( ) 7
G7 )!(## #663, *)F*))7)((> / * !< * ! ? ,!)*) '()* )> * @ AF* @ 1 * ,(97 * ? *) ( **)*(!*(! !()()!)?,' >A H) (&*(*!) )7
27 ) ( ") F #663 ) A >! !) *) ' ()* * <)!?F<)7
"%
"7 <+ )J)< * F )8:!*! @ !* * *!9 ") B* #665 ) A * ) *** @)!* ? ,)*7 C$ 7 " *7 %7 # * > ) *** ()!+?J)*7C$ @!!))()* <!!)) * ) $ *A) #666 8 : > * )* + ? ) J)0 + *!"2F "2C28 :7
/(!*()F<)J(9* !*A 7
#7 @!!))()* <!!)) *) $*A) #6668 :**)!+ <)")F+ )#665*)-* @ *
4"##54#663 0C4"60 A) ( * !< ) 7/) (*!) ( *+ )>) *,(( > *H*)*)%!? 9) () (>)9<(( A*+ <)*K @ *F) >*!*) **() *8 ."56#56 7"7"L 55C 7"7#L ."#2; 7"7#L ."#3;$3 7""#$"5$ 7;A*)!@!):7)9<()!)>*?,(( >* )!)+9F)*)!+ <)8 .""325 7$A""#5$6 7;L "22GM53(75"$ 75A:7 J(( > J(97
57 *)F*!@)*! ()!+() ))*)+A8)*7C$? $6 :7
;7 >* * < *+ ) ))*) *?)*, + *! ()!*7 ) )!) >* + * ()!A* !*) )+)()A*,'/*,'()* * @)*)7
C7 )(() () >, > ) ()+ F< ) @ ! @ ( * *) ) ) @ * > @* ,H*) !*A 9) ))!@*A (() * ( +) AA ,*0?0 ) > ()!** <)! +) A ()!(!)*7 @@ * ( >, @ * ( H*) !)! * %1(*%9 ( A7 ) * !!* @ * !<! + <A F< * !%!* )* ) ' > () * ( ()AA 8 . "#$ 5$6 7 CA "#C "2C 7 # * )!@!)L @7 ."565#; 757#*575:7
/ () ( A) (()! * ()+ ( * +A ()!)F ))) ) 8@7)*7$" *7 :F<,*( !())9<@) *' ) 9)AF* +*1()+>>, *()+( ! ) *? ( * ()*()*)F<*+A) ) * * < '7 )(()* ! ' *) * ) F< (* *)%),@@ )(()! ),A()+* >)) () > @ ) ( ! * ( ) *)7 ,!!* !*) * () +) ()A* , )(()* ! ,* ) < ! <* *7 *!<) ()*>( * * < ' ()** *@ *,AF*,!*@ !>)(()*@) ' (* >, () !<* !)* ( * '() !>, *!*!!*A ( )89:> ) (* *)@!) ! * ) * @ > ,'()* * A * +!7 / )) () ( A) (()! * ()+ ) A@!!))8 0()9 . :(!
4"##54#663 0$4"60 < )*) > ) 9) ,(()! ) )* *1( ,'()* )(()*! '8 ."#C5C# 75:7
()* ) )> * ()!) *)* + '()* @ !?! !(**!*A ()(! *))A ,A)+* (()@ * , +* <* (9* >, ( )*>,'()*A* *?)!**+ *F< ) *!)*) <*(>, )*()**) ) A 0@! 8 . "#C 5C5 7 5A4AA:7 F< (* )) ( +) ()A* ' )(()* * '()* !*A () ! )) <*( > '0 A* * ? )!** + * > ) * !) * * +! > + * * ( *) * *>, )*()))A 0 @!7 (@ *>! *!* !?,))())(()* *)+ ()* ( ) *) ,AF* + *! (()! * (N) ()!+* ? ,!<) ,)!7 ,* >, ()! )* ()* 9) > * F* , ()* *! , (()! * (+* H*) !)! AF* +* @!7 E** ! , ()*@!)!')(()*! ') *) 1 **@ ()' <!+9)>*?, ()* *!,'()*
8 . "#C 5C5 7 5A4 . (A ! "5 ) #666 C2#422 7 A4:7 . F<! > J !( * J ()* *! ! !* * <)* !F? +* J*)! + <) ) +***")F "22;8 ."#5"3CL@7!<* "222O 55# (7 "25:7 ) ) ) * ) ) H ( )(()* ,'()* !* , *) ,A)+* ! , 8 : * )(()*! !*A ()/L**@ < @ ()>, +)< ,( *) ! / * ! *) ** * 9)<!!)! ))P+)+'()* 7+) ()A* )(()* ! ' ** > *) * A (*&* ,(()! ) )<) ) *9) '(! ()!!* 8 7 57"L . (A !#;B*#66$25G46C 757#:7
$7 ,(9*))(()* ***? )-*) ( +) ()A*7 ()* ) 9 (! @ > * *)9 (9* '()* * @@*! ** (! ! * * (* )(()* ! ' @ <)* ) * * + * )>, ()9*?,(()! * <A7 () ) ) A+ *() ,!)*) <* )* > ))( , ) ' @@!)* <* (!()! ))*7, 9)>, * (*,!)*) '()*) ,'/7 (* (* H*) 7 () ) (!* ,' *) ) ,< * +) ()A* )(()* (1% *) > ) J *)* J*)* 9)J + *!+*
4"##54#663 034"60 ) A!)!+!!>0 J!* *)*(* * )J (& .Q (! * (1% *) * >J ,+ * () ) !*! *) ! ? ()* >)! !(*()9/>()*!()** + *!*J* #;+A)#66$7/! *+ , *!)!!* *> *!! !(*!) %A *! ? @@*) '()* (1% *) > + ' >L **@ ? + * + * H*) *) <! () (1% *) )(A () ) ( +) F) >7 /) A @)* (F) * F<!> )*,+ *( ()@@*,)+)F) >)(()*)+*) (&8()90+)A("#+) #663:7
)+%@)***)> ,'(()-*(*,(()! * ,' *) ,* ( + *7 !<< *) )(()* , () *>0 9)H*)()!,@ A)1< () ) + * )* > ,!** !() @ * )!* , ) )! *,*)- ( *!*)+ 7+*()()+@ * >@ A)1< *@@* )%*< >**** ! * ' >()*"G( *@ A)1< ?**)7 ,*9 ) ( ))* , (1% *)7 ) ,' / !* * >* (1% *) > * ,' *) )* * <* )!() ) ( *! *)+ @ A)1< * @* )(() >, ,+ * !*! >,!+>! () '()* 7 ) ) ,' *) )F <* (1% > (! () '()* () ) * > ) * H*) + 7 !)* >, *)A !() @ )!))* * (* A + *)A' '*!() @ '*0> )**( A0! * ,A***)A!() @)!))*7 ,*A )>(1% *)*) ** <* >!() )*(8@7)(()*";!A)#66;:*)A ' '*!() @ '*( ' 9*(8@7)(()*! "G F * #66C: *)A !() @ 1 ? !+9)7 ,1 9 ) (* A *!)K ,1( *! *!' <* 7
) !>* ) A ** , ()* > ,' / !* * @** * +(!**)*!)(()*'()* ,*) ()* > ,' / ,* ( *) ? ()) ,!)*) 0?7 '()* )* *** ( *!*)+ ( "5@!+) )#66;* >*()* > )* +)* > ,' < A *! , *) ** ! *' F* (1%*%!)( 7 ,*)A0?>, + *,' ) **) * '()** ))*7
37 ' *) ,)*7 G 7 " * 5 * )!(*! + *! J ( *! < **()* > *()!!()*<)!7/J)*7; , + *! (* )!*) , @ ) *! <! * , ,
4"##54#663 0G4"60 *7 *?*!(1% >(+* *(%1 > *)-) + *!,)*7;7" +,)*7G 7 9) ( !> , !** (1% > @ ( @@* ? ()) %)< () ,)0 + *! * ( *!< >,)!()) *(H%)@ *()+ A +*!L ) > * ' < A * H*) !*) ! AF* +* > ( A 8 . "6# "$CL / #66" (7 ##; 7 #A * )!@!)L@7 ."#3#2G 7; @ :7
* )!(*! ( *! *)+ ** ()* ** ()* J(* * J)!?( )()@ J* + *!*)+ > (* H*)) A*H*)' <! ()*)!**!(%1 > *7 J ( *! *)+ < )! J* + *! > (* H*) ' <! (* )+) J *) ()@ J *) J* + *! 8)*7 $ :7 * )!(*! ( *! < ** * JA J ()* ( A *! < J)! ) )%! *)+ !> A)!> *) !)* * )!*J * ? *! (%1 > * * >J () * ()9 *) ** * ))!(** ' < A8)*73 :7
/,)*7;7# , + *!*)!(*!)+9>,*()*) * <)+ *! ()() ? +) ) ) * ' ()** *)* !)* 7 * * H*) !*) ! AF* +* ,()9 ,!** *!L @*) '*)@)* *,*(, ()*7!(()* ) *? >!*!()!*! ?()* )>()** !*! )> * R ( ( ! )* + * K ,)!(()()() 9)@ >, *?*!(*+) )) *? ()** ,) 8 . "#$ 2 7 #A "$6 7 5 ""G G# 75*)!@!):7
/,< *) *?)*)+, + *! **K 0 () @)!* ? ,)*7 #2 7 " * 9 > ,)! ()!* ( *! < )A ;6 () * 9 >, ()!*!1 ( *!*)+ ;6()* (* ! *))(* *A (*&*")F) > * '0% * 9 +) ),)!8)*7#27# L ."#$2 7#A* )!@!):7
( ,*)! + <) ") F+ ) #66; + #" ) #665 @ * 8;9)!+ :*),)*7#G7" * +*ST"7 ,)! ) * ? )* , * + ? ;6 I 7 )* * !%! **', + *!S
4"##54#663 024"60 ;6I >)*C6I $6I *) 0>)*36 I )** 9)7U
%V )! * @ <)! , + *! * H*) !*) ! ) A , () )+7 ) )+ *)+ > , + ()) * A* ) ')N* ,* + *! >, (* ) A* ) ()9 '!* !+* ) )!(** * (* * , ** !> A)! )%! *)+ * ()! )+ >, ) * ( A* ) , ,!* *( + 8)*7#G7# :7
) ) ,)*7 ;" 8 + <) F>, 5" !A) #66#: , + *!,A!!@ ))* @ 9)? @)) *? )*0 *(),+ )<*!)! *(() !7 *%<* ()** )*()()? @)<)!, + *!) *? )* (* ) ? )!+ 0 7 ( * + ) * %<* ,* () * * H*) *)%! ()* @ * * >, ()!* **! * )** )*)!<* ?,!(>! * < 8 ."#C5$2 7#*)!@!)L+ ) !<* .""#53# 7#A*526 7"A:7
@ '*),)*7#"7; ()** (+*H*))! * )@!*() )*!@ * +* ,)!*) *,(( * > (* H*) ' <! ? *) ** ? ) )! )* ()@ (* A ,! )) *A* ( *! *)+ 7 )!) *,+)* *!>F) >* ()* *! )!@' +A * + )!*!)!7
G7 + )9< * ! 1 )* ) > ))* * *** (A *)+ ) () ) (1% > 1* +) ,) + *!( "5@!+) )#66;7) *? )** 9), + *! * H*))( "5@!+) )#66C7/ '()* ( *! *)+ * ! )A () *) ** ** ! *' ' < A ))*7 , +!) @ ) 9 ) *)(* ! ))* > 0 )() *) ** ! *'*!<* +)) +)7) ) , ()!+ ) ()!) )!+ ? 1 *) ' @ +) ,!+* ( *!*)+ ))**)!F*)!%!* ) *?)*7
27 )) ) * ! * < !7 ) ) )+1! ? , () + ! !)*7 ))*> A* *< ) *?!(@ '!,(9?",C66 @)7) ),!* *) *( ")F *#66$) ?%)< , 7
4"##54#663 0"64"60 $ " !" %$! $%%$! " $$%" $!"
$ 2/
"7 !))))+A7
$ 2
#7 ,**! #6@!+) )#6637
57 *>))* *H*) A!!@ ,)** 9), + *!( "5@!+) )#66C7
;7 + *, ?))+! !)*7
C7 , +)* , *! @+) ))* ",C66@)7
$7 ,!*@ '!?C66@)7* ?%)<, 7
37 @) ()* >J (+* @)) )) *) ()!* ))H* ! 56 F) 9 * @ * ()9 ) A @!!) 8/%W V)%@> $$66; :()+ ))* 9)) * (A @)!*')*7G# @!!)) ) A@!!)"3 F #66C 8 .:L ! ) )) * >) * @ * 1()+*()*) <*)))** )L * H*) )! ) A @!!) () + (* () + !*) > ' * ,)*7 ;# .7 ()!* ))H* * ( 9 ( ))* +>!1()+ +*H*)F *?,+ 7 <)@@ )S ()! * ))/ A/
( @)()!*))H*** @ !'()* >J?J@@ @!!) ) ()<)@@
4"##54#663